СТРОИТЕЛЬСТВО НАЦИИ: СОЦИАЛИСТИЧЕСКИЕ СТРОЙКИ В АЛЖИРЕ, 1962-1978
Ключевые слова:
Холодная война, СЭВ, стройки дружбы, Эвианские соглашения, Хуари Бумедьен, Советско-Алжирские отношения, Комсомол
Аннотация
С середины 1950-х годов социалистические страны во главе с Советским Союзом внесли значительный вклад в экономический прогресс развивающихся стран. Под эгидой Совета Экономической Взаимопомощи (СЭВ) советские программы финансовой помощи распространились на многие африканские страны, включая Алжир. Основанный Советским блоком в 1949 году, СЭВ стал ответом на план Маршалла. В рамках холодной войны эта международная правительственная организация стремилась содействовать социалистической экономической интеграции не только своих членов, но и развивающихся стран за пределами «железного занавеса». В случае с Алжиром масштабные строительные проекты, спонсируемые СЭВ, превратились в важнейшие платформы формирования новой нации. Возведение промышленных предприятий способствовало экономическому, политическому, социальному и культурному развитию Алжира. В этой статье строительные работы в Алжире представлены как важнейшие площадки для распространения советского влияния в Северной Африке. Кроме того, она демонстрирует роль молодежи из Алжира и Советского блока в реализации этих общенациональных проектов и формировании алжирской государственности.
Литература
1. Record #23 (March 27, 1964). Vopros Komiteta molodezhnyh organizatsii SSSR // Card Register “Alzhir”. The Russian State Archive of the Socio-Political History.
2. Record #26 (June 17, 1964). Ob okazanii pomoschi molodezhi Fronta natsional’nogo osvobozhdeniia Alzhira v stroitel’stve sel’skokhoziaistvennogo kooperativa // Card Register VAlzhir”. The Russian State Archive of the Socio-Political History.
3. Shvedov A.А. Nezavisimaya Afrika: vneshnepoliticheskie problemy, diplomaticheskaya bor’ba / M.: Politizdat, 1983. 350 p.
4. Shvedov A.А, Podtserob B. Sovetsko-alzhirskie otnosheniya. M.: Progress, 1986. 260 p.
5. Salvi P.G. COMECON and the Emerging Nations. New Dehli: Writers & Publishers Corporation, 1971. 116 p.
6. Ol’shanyi A., Zevin L. CMEA Countries and Developing States: Economic Cooperation. M.: Progress, 1984. 134 p.
7. Stefanov N. Expansion of Trade and Economic Relations between Developing and Socialist Countries // Development and Peace. Spring 1980. Vol. 1, no. 1. P. 69-80.
8. Coker C. Adventurism and Pragmatism: The Soviet Union, COMECON and Relations with African States // International Affairs. Autumn 1981. Vol. 57, no. 4. P. 618-633.
9. Ghettas M.L. Algeria and the Cold War: International Relations and the Struggle for Autonomy. London: I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 2017. 305 p.
10. Hopkin M.W. Mass Media in the Soviet Union. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill Co., 1972. 384 p.; Taborsky E. Communist Penetration of the Third World. New York: Rober Speller & Sons Publishers, Inc., 1973. 500 p.
11. “Cultural diplomacy” is defined here as “the manipulation of cultural matters and personnel for propaganda purposes”. Taborsky E. Communist Penetration of the Third World. P. 336.
12. For more information on the origins of cultural exchange agreements, see Gilburd E. The Revival of Soviet Internationalism in the Mid to Late 1950s // The Thaw: Soviet Society and Culture during the 1950s and 1960s / ed. D. Kozlov and E. Gilburg. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2013. P. 362-401.
13. Judge E.H., Langdon J.W. eds. A Hard and Bitter Peace: A Global History of the Cold War. Lanham: Rowman& Littlefield, 2018. 412 p.
14. The Internationalization of the Algerian Problem and Its Inscription on the Agenda of the General Assembly of the United Nations from 1957-1959 (1959) // History and Public Policy Program Digital Archive. Dossier 37/01/10. Fond: GPRA, 1958-62. Archives Nationales d’Algérie, Alger. Translated from French and transcribed by Pierre Asselin, with Paulina Kostrzewski. URL: http://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/121601.
15. Letter to the GPRA Prime Minister, ‘Mission Summary’ (September 01, 1960) // History and Public Policy Program Digital Archive. Dossier 11/01/13. Fond: GPRA, 1958-62. Archives Nationales d’Algérie, Alger. Translated from French and transcribed by Pierre Asselin, with Paulina Kostrzewski. URL: http://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/ document/121598.
16. A full summary of the logistical process and efforts of armament for the Algerian revolution and the lists of the various countries who supplied the Algerians with weapons and ammunition from 1947-1962 can be found in Bouzid, A. Summary of Armament during the 1954 Revolution' (July, 1996) // History and Public Policy Program Digital Archive. Reference Collection of the Algerian National Archives. Translated from French and transcribed by Pierre Asselin, with Paulina Kostrzewski. URL: http://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/121595.
17. Record # 28 (July 4, 1964). Vopros Komiteta molodezhnykh organizatsii SSSR // Card Register “Alzhir”. The Russian State Archive of the Socio-Political History.
18. Note from the GPRA Secretary General to Foreign Missions and Delegations, ‘Our Foreign Policy’ (October 04, 1960) // History and Public Policy Program Digital Archive. Dossier 41/05/14. Fond: GPRA, 1958-62. Archives Nationales d’Algérie, Alger. Translated from French and transcribed by Pierre Asselin, with Paulina Kostrzewski. URL: http://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/121605.
19. The Soviet Union sent important arms shipments to the Eastern and Western fronts and accepted Algerian student pilots to be trained in the Soviet Union. For more details, see Development of Relations with Socialist Countries since March 19, 1961 (March 19, 1961) // History and Public Policy Program Digital Archive. Dossier 08/13/07. Fond: GPRA, 1958-62. Archives Nationales d’Algérie, Alger. Translated from French and transcribed by Pierre Asselin, with Paulina Kostrzewski. URL: http://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/121586.
20. Rossiia (SSSR) v voinakh vtoroi poloviny XX veka. M.: Triada-farm, 2002. 494 p.
21. For more details Feuchtwanger E.J., Nailor P. (eds). The Soviet Union and the Third World. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1981. 235 p.; Nash M. (ed.) Red Africa: Affective Communities and the Cold War. London: Black Dog Publishing, 2016. 191 p.
22. Whereas at the beginning of 1962 the CMEA members provided economic and technical assistance to 34 developing states, by the end of the 1970s such assistance was extended to 78 countries, including 34 in Africa, 25 in Asia, and 19 in Latin America. With assistance of the CMEA countries, the developing nations had built nearly 4,000 projects in the spheres of industry, agriculture, science, and culture. For more details, see The Council for Mutual Economic Assistance: 30 Years. Moscow: CMEA Secretariat, 1979; Semin N.S. Strany SEV i Afrika. M.: Mezhdunarodnye otnosheniia, 1968. 199 p.; Ol’shanyi, A., Zevin, L. CMEA Countries and Developing States: Economic Cooperation. M.: Progress, 1984. 134 p.; Friendship Projects. Moscow: CMEA, 1988.
23. The Marshall Plan (1948) was an American initiative to aid Western Europe, raising over $12 billion to help rebuild Western European economies after World War II.
24. Council for Mutual Economic Assistance. Secretariat. Charter of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance. Moscow, 1968.
25. Kapranov, I.A. Sotrudnichestvo stran SEV s razvivaiuschimisya stranami v oblasti stroitel’stva // Stroiki bratskoi druzhby Yunker V., Kostandov L.A. (eds.) M.: Samizdat, 1983.
26. Pockney, B. Soviet Trade with the Third World // Feuchtwanger, E.J., Nailor, P. eds. The Soviet Union and the Third World. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1981. 235 p
27. Bogucharskiy E. SSSR i Alzhir: 60-e - 70-e gody XX veka // Novaia i Noveishaia istoria. 2008. Vol. 3. P. 51-64.
28. Ushakova N.A. Strany SEV i razvivaiuschiesia gosudarstva sotsialisticheskoi orientatsii: ekonomicheskoe sotrudnichestvo. M.: Nauka, 1980. 183 p.
29. By looking at the numbers of the foreign trade turnover between Algeria and the socialist countries, one can note that in the period from 1965 to 1978 trade turnover between Bulgaria and Algeria increased from 3,9 to 67,8 million rubles, between Hungary and Algeria - from 0,8 to 56,8, between GDR and Algeria - from 0,4 to 69,3, between Poland and Algeria - from 0,8 to 29,4, between Romania and Algeria - from 0,9 to 77,4, between Czechoslovakia and Algeria - from 5,4 to 17,0, between USSR and Algeria - from 17,3 to 139,6. The total foreign trade turnover between the socialist countries and Algeria increased from 28,5 to 457,3 million rubles from 1965 to 1978. See: Ushakova N.A. Strany SEV i razvivaiuschiesia gosudarstva sotsialisticheskoi orientatsii: ekonomicheskoe sotrudnichestvo. M.: Nauka, 1980. P. 174.
30. Record #GS-1335 (February 26, 1975). O priobretenii propagandistskikh materialov glia litseia g. Tiareta Alzhirskoi Narodno-Demokraticheskoi Respubliki // Card Register “Alzhir”. The Russian State Archive of the Socio-Political History.
31. Record #45 (April 12, 1965). Ob okazanii pomoschi Fronta natsional’nogo osvobozhdeniia Alzhira v okonchanii stroitel’stva narodnogo sel’skokhoziaistvennogo kooperativa v Kabilii // Card Register “Alzhir”. The Russian State Archive of the Socio-Political History.
32. Record #29 (July 31, 1964). Vopros Komiteta molodezhnykh organizatsii SSSR // Card Register “Alzhir”. The Russian State Archive of the Socio-Political History; Record #5 (September 6, 1962). Ob uchastii delegatsii sovetskoi molodezhi v kachestve gostei v rabote u Kongressa Vseobschego Soiuza studentov-musul’man Alzhira // Card Register “Alzhir”. The Russian State Archive of the Socio-Political History.
33. Record #37-19a (August 17, 1983). O Dniakh Druzhby Molodezhi SSSR i Alzhira // Card Register “Alzhir”. The Russian State Archive of the Socio-Political History.
34. More information of students’ activities in Soviet construction camps can be found in Pristupko V.A. Studencheskie otriady: istoricheskii opyt 1959-1990 godov. M.: Izdatel’stvo Moskovskogo gumanitarnogo universiteta, 2008. 294 p.
2. Record #26 (June 17, 1964). Ob okazanii pomoschi molodezhi Fronta natsional’nogo osvobozhdeniia Alzhira v stroitel’stve sel’skokhoziaistvennogo kooperativa // Card Register VAlzhir”. The Russian State Archive of the Socio-Political History.
3. Shvedov A.А. Nezavisimaya Afrika: vneshnepoliticheskie problemy, diplomaticheskaya bor’ba / M.: Politizdat, 1983. 350 p.
4. Shvedov A.А, Podtserob B. Sovetsko-alzhirskie otnosheniya. M.: Progress, 1986. 260 p.
5. Salvi P.G. COMECON and the Emerging Nations. New Dehli: Writers & Publishers Corporation, 1971. 116 p.
6. Ol’shanyi A., Zevin L. CMEA Countries and Developing States: Economic Cooperation. M.: Progress, 1984. 134 p.
7. Stefanov N. Expansion of Trade and Economic Relations between Developing and Socialist Countries // Development and Peace. Spring 1980. Vol. 1, no. 1. P. 69-80.
8. Coker C. Adventurism and Pragmatism: The Soviet Union, COMECON and Relations with African States // International Affairs. Autumn 1981. Vol. 57, no. 4. P. 618-633.
9. Ghettas M.L. Algeria and the Cold War: International Relations and the Struggle for Autonomy. London: I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 2017. 305 p.
10. Hopkin M.W. Mass Media in the Soviet Union. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill Co., 1972. 384 p.; Taborsky E. Communist Penetration of the Third World. New York: Rober Speller & Sons Publishers, Inc., 1973. 500 p.
11. “Cultural diplomacy” is defined here as “the manipulation of cultural matters and personnel for propaganda purposes”. Taborsky E. Communist Penetration of the Third World. P. 336.
12. For more information on the origins of cultural exchange agreements, see Gilburd E. The Revival of Soviet Internationalism in the Mid to Late 1950s // The Thaw: Soviet Society and Culture during the 1950s and 1960s / ed. D. Kozlov and E. Gilburg. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2013. P. 362-401.
13. Judge E.H., Langdon J.W. eds. A Hard and Bitter Peace: A Global History of the Cold War. Lanham: Rowman& Littlefield, 2018. 412 p.
14. The Internationalization of the Algerian Problem and Its Inscription on the Agenda of the General Assembly of the United Nations from 1957-1959 (1959) // History and Public Policy Program Digital Archive. Dossier 37/01/10. Fond: GPRA, 1958-62. Archives Nationales d’Algérie, Alger. Translated from French and transcribed by Pierre Asselin, with Paulina Kostrzewski. URL: http://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/121601.
15. Letter to the GPRA Prime Minister, ‘Mission Summary’ (September 01, 1960) // History and Public Policy Program Digital Archive. Dossier 11/01/13. Fond: GPRA, 1958-62. Archives Nationales d’Algérie, Alger. Translated from French and transcribed by Pierre Asselin, with Paulina Kostrzewski. URL: http://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/ document/121598.
16. A full summary of the logistical process and efforts of armament for the Algerian revolution and the lists of the various countries who supplied the Algerians with weapons and ammunition from 1947-1962 can be found in Bouzid, A. Summary of Armament during the 1954 Revolution' (July, 1996) // History and Public Policy Program Digital Archive. Reference Collection of the Algerian National Archives. Translated from French and transcribed by Pierre Asselin, with Paulina Kostrzewski. URL: http://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/121595.
17. Record # 28 (July 4, 1964). Vopros Komiteta molodezhnykh organizatsii SSSR // Card Register “Alzhir”. The Russian State Archive of the Socio-Political History.
18. Note from the GPRA Secretary General to Foreign Missions and Delegations, ‘Our Foreign Policy’ (October 04, 1960) // History and Public Policy Program Digital Archive. Dossier 41/05/14. Fond: GPRA, 1958-62. Archives Nationales d’Algérie, Alger. Translated from French and transcribed by Pierre Asselin, with Paulina Kostrzewski. URL: http://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/121605.
19. The Soviet Union sent important arms shipments to the Eastern and Western fronts and accepted Algerian student pilots to be trained in the Soviet Union. For more details, see Development of Relations with Socialist Countries since March 19, 1961 (March 19, 1961) // History and Public Policy Program Digital Archive. Dossier 08/13/07. Fond: GPRA, 1958-62. Archives Nationales d’Algérie, Alger. Translated from French and transcribed by Pierre Asselin, with Paulina Kostrzewski. URL: http://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/121586.
20. Rossiia (SSSR) v voinakh vtoroi poloviny XX veka. M.: Triada-farm, 2002. 494 p.
21. For more details Feuchtwanger E.J., Nailor P. (eds). The Soviet Union and the Third World. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1981. 235 p.; Nash M. (ed.) Red Africa: Affective Communities and the Cold War. London: Black Dog Publishing, 2016. 191 p.
22. Whereas at the beginning of 1962 the CMEA members provided economic and technical assistance to 34 developing states, by the end of the 1970s such assistance was extended to 78 countries, including 34 in Africa, 25 in Asia, and 19 in Latin America. With assistance of the CMEA countries, the developing nations had built nearly 4,000 projects in the spheres of industry, agriculture, science, and culture. For more details, see The Council for Mutual Economic Assistance: 30 Years. Moscow: CMEA Secretariat, 1979; Semin N.S. Strany SEV i Afrika. M.: Mezhdunarodnye otnosheniia, 1968. 199 p.; Ol’shanyi, A., Zevin, L. CMEA Countries and Developing States: Economic Cooperation. M.: Progress, 1984. 134 p.; Friendship Projects. Moscow: CMEA, 1988.
23. The Marshall Plan (1948) was an American initiative to aid Western Europe, raising over $12 billion to help rebuild Western European economies after World War II.
24. Council for Mutual Economic Assistance. Secretariat. Charter of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance. Moscow, 1968.
25. Kapranov, I.A. Sotrudnichestvo stran SEV s razvivaiuschimisya stranami v oblasti stroitel’stva // Stroiki bratskoi druzhby Yunker V., Kostandov L.A. (eds.) M.: Samizdat, 1983.
26. Pockney, B. Soviet Trade with the Third World // Feuchtwanger, E.J., Nailor, P. eds. The Soviet Union and the Third World. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1981. 235 p
27. Bogucharskiy E. SSSR i Alzhir: 60-e - 70-e gody XX veka // Novaia i Noveishaia istoria. 2008. Vol. 3. P. 51-64.
28. Ushakova N.A. Strany SEV i razvivaiuschiesia gosudarstva sotsialisticheskoi orientatsii: ekonomicheskoe sotrudnichestvo. M.: Nauka, 1980. 183 p.
29. By looking at the numbers of the foreign trade turnover between Algeria and the socialist countries, one can note that in the period from 1965 to 1978 trade turnover between Bulgaria and Algeria increased from 3,9 to 67,8 million rubles, between Hungary and Algeria - from 0,8 to 56,8, between GDR and Algeria - from 0,4 to 69,3, between Poland and Algeria - from 0,8 to 29,4, between Romania and Algeria - from 0,9 to 77,4, between Czechoslovakia and Algeria - from 5,4 to 17,0, between USSR and Algeria - from 17,3 to 139,6. The total foreign trade turnover between the socialist countries and Algeria increased from 28,5 to 457,3 million rubles from 1965 to 1978. See: Ushakova N.A. Strany SEV i razvivaiuschiesia gosudarstva sotsialisticheskoi orientatsii: ekonomicheskoe sotrudnichestvo. M.: Nauka, 1980. P. 174.
30. Record #GS-1335 (February 26, 1975). O priobretenii propagandistskikh materialov glia litseia g. Tiareta Alzhirskoi Narodno-Demokraticheskoi Respubliki // Card Register “Alzhir”. The Russian State Archive of the Socio-Political History.
31. Record #45 (April 12, 1965). Ob okazanii pomoschi Fronta natsional’nogo osvobozhdeniia Alzhira v okonchanii stroitel’stva narodnogo sel’skokhoziaistvennogo kooperativa v Kabilii // Card Register “Alzhir”. The Russian State Archive of the Socio-Political History.
32. Record #29 (July 31, 1964). Vopros Komiteta molodezhnykh organizatsii SSSR // Card Register “Alzhir”. The Russian State Archive of the Socio-Political History; Record #5 (September 6, 1962). Ob uchastii delegatsii sovetskoi molodezhi v kachestve gostei v rabote u Kongressa Vseobschego Soiuza studentov-musul’man Alzhira // Card Register “Alzhir”. The Russian State Archive of the Socio-Political History.
33. Record #37-19a (August 17, 1983). O Dniakh Druzhby Molodezhi SSSR i Alzhira // Card Register “Alzhir”. The Russian State Archive of the Socio-Political History.
34. More information of students’ activities in Soviet construction camps can be found in Pristupko V.A. Studencheskie otriady: istoricheskii opyt 1959-1990 godov. M.: Izdatel’stvo Moskovskogo gumanitarnogo universiteta, 2008. 294 p.
Поступила в редакцию
2020-07-09
Опубликована 2020-09-30
Опубликована 2020-09-30