РЕВОЛЮЦИЯ В КЫРГЫЗСТАНЕ 2020 ГОДА И ПОПУЛИСТСКИЙ ПРОЕКТ САДЫРА ЖАПАРОВА (на англ. яз.)
Ключевые слова:
популизм, национализм, этнонационализм, популистский национализм, Кыргызстан, Садыр Жапаров
Аннотация
Данная статья затрагивает две тенденции в современных исследованиях популизма. Первую можно определить как эмпирический западоцентризм. Она выражается в доминировании европейской и американской повестки дня в основных работах о популизме. Хотя некоторые исследователи подчеркивают глобальное значение этого явления, доля трудов, посвященных популистским партиям, движениям и лидерам в остальном мире, значительно уступает количеству работ по западной проблематике. Вторая тенденция - традиция подходить к популизму, главным образом как к проявлению некоего кризиса демократической «нормальности» в контексте избирательных процессов и партийной конкуренции в либерально-демократических политических системах. Соответственно, снова возникает вопрос: означает ли это, что популизм - явление, не выходящее за рамки демократических партийных систем или западного мира? И как тогда быть со случаями, обнаруженными в недемократическом или нелиберальном контексте? Есть ли у них потенциал для развития теории популизма? Поэтому мы намерены в этой статье расширить понимание популизма на примере революции в Кыргызстане в октябре 2020 года и избрания нового президента Кыргызстана Садыра Жапарова в январе 2021 года. Мы считаем, что популизм можно найти за пределами западных левых и правых политических партий и движений и что этот феномен может черпать силу и характерное символическое содержание из альтернативных источников. Поэтому мы собираемся доказать, опираясь на подход Э. Лакло, что политическая логика Жапарова по существу популистская, хотя политическую систему Кыргызстана нельзя назвать либеральной или демократической. Более того, мы убеждены, что случай с Кыргызстаном может способствовать развитию исследований популизма, тогда как, согласно той же теории популизма, ситуация в Кыргызстане будет и дальше развиваться.
Литература
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2. Transformations of populism in Europe and the Americas: History and recent tendencies. London: Bloomsbury Academic, 2015.
3. The radical right in Western Europe: a comparative analysis / Kitschelt H.; ed. McGann A.J. First paperback ed. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1997.
4. Populist Radical Right Parties in Europe / Mudde C. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007.
5. The Faces of Contemporary Populism in Western Europe and the US / Tournier-Sol K., Gayte M. 1st ed. 2021. Cham: Springer International Publishing: Imprint: Palgrave Macmillan, 2021.
6. The global rise of populism: performance, political style, and representation / Moffitt B. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press, 2017.
7. Populism and the Crisis of Democracy: Volume 1: Concepts and Theory. Routledge, 2019.
8. What is populism? / Müller J.-W. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2016.
9. Class politics and the radical right / Rydgren J. - Abingdon, Oxon: Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge, 2012.
10. Populism: a very short introduction / Mudde C., Kaltwasser R.; Под ред. Rovira Kaltwasser C. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017.
11. Brubaker R. Why populism? // Theory and Society. 2017. Vol. 46, no. 5. P. 357-385.
12. Mair P. Populist democracy vs party democracy // Democracies and the Populist Challenge. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2002.
13. Mair P. Bini Smaghi vs. the Parties: Representative government and institutional constraints. 2011. URL: http://hdl.handle.net/1814/16354.
14. Kriesi H. The Populist Challenge // West European politics. 2014. Vol. 37, no. 2. P. 361-378.
15. Postill J. Populism and social media: a global perspective // Media, culture & society. 2018. Vol. 40, no. 5. P. 754-765.
16. Curato N. Politics of Anxiety, Politics of Hope: Penal Populism and Duterte's Rise to Power // Journal of Current Southeast Asian Affairs. 2016. Vol. 35, no. 3. P. 91-109.
17. Zhang C. Right-wing populism with Chinese characteristics? Identity, otherness and global imaginaries in debating world politics online // European journal of international relations. 2020. Vol. 26, no. 1. P. 88-115.
18. The Justice and Development Party in Turkey: populism, personalism, organization / Baykan T.S. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2018.
19. Politics and ideology in Marxist theory: capitalism, fascism, populism / Laclau E. London: NLB, 1977.
20. On populist reason / Laclau E. London: Verso, 2005.
21. Hegemony and socialist strategy: towards a radical democratic politics / Laclau E., Mouffe C. 2nd ed. London: Verso, 2013 [1985].
22. De Cleen B. The populist political logic and the analysis of the discursive construction of ‘the people’ and ‘the elite’ // Imagining the Peoples of Europe: Populist discourses across the political spectrum / Zienkowski J.B., Ruth-Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2019. P. 19-42.
23. De Cleen B., Stavrakakis Y. Distinctions and Articulations: A Discourse Theoretical Framework for the Study of Populism and Nationalism // Javnost (Ljubljana, Slovenia). 2017. Vol. 24, no. 4. P. 301-319.
24. Stavrakakis Y., Katsambekis G. Left-wing populism in the European periphery: the case of SYRIZA // Journal of political ideologies. 2014. Vol. 19, no. 2. P. 119-142.
25. Brubaker R. Populism and nationalism // Nations and nationalism. 2020. Vol. 26, no. 1. P. 44-66.
26. The high and the low in politics: A two-dimensional political space for comparative analysis and electoral studies / Kellogg Institute, 2009.
27. The sources of social power Volume 4, Globalizations, 1945-2011. Globalizations, 1945-2011 / Mann M. Cambridge [England]; New York;: Cambridge University Press, 2013. Globalizations, 1945-2011.
28. Private life and communist morality in Khrushchev's Russia / Deborah A. Field. New York: Peter Lang, 2007. Accessed from https://nla.gov.au/nla.cat-vn3987533.
29. Sauvé G. The Apogee of Soviet Political Romanticism: Projects for Moral Renewal in Early Perestroika (1985-1989) // Europe-Asia studies. 2018. Vol. 70, no. 9. P. 1407-1432.
30. The Affirmative Action Empire : Nations and Nationalism in the Soviet Union, 1923-1939. / Martin T. NY: Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2017.
31. The revenge of the past nationalism, revolution, and the collapse of the Soviet Union. Revenge of the Past / Suny R.G.; American Council of Learned S.: Stanford University Press, 1993. Revenge of the Past.
32. The Bolsheviks and the Russian Empire. The Bolsheviks & the Russian Empire. / Riga L. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012.
33. Empire of nations: ethnographic knowledge & the making of the Soviet Union. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2005.
34. Nationalism and the state. / Breuilly J. Second ed. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1993.
35. Nations and nationalism / Gellner E. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1983.
36. The Sources of Social Power: Volume 2, Rise of Classes and Nation-States, 1760-1914 / Mann M. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2012.
37. Hroch M. From national movement to the fully-formed nation: the nation building process in Europe // New Left review. 1993. No. 198. P. 3-20.
38. Morozova I. Patterns of elite consolidation and rivalry in Kyrgyzstan between 1960 and 2010 // Politics, Identity and Education in Central Asia: Post-Soviet Kyrgyzstan / Akçalı P. et al. London: Taylor & Francis Group, 2013.
39. Russian Minority Politics in Post-Soviet Latvia and Kyrgyzstan: The Transformative Power of Informal Networks. / Commercio M.E. Philadelphia, United States: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2010.
40. Nationalism in Central Asia: a biography of the Uzbekistan-Kyrgyzstan border. Biography of the Uzbekistan-Kyrgyzstan border. / Megoran N. Pittsburgh, Pa.: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2017.
41. Nationalism reframed: nationhood and the national question in the New Europe / Brubaker R. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996.
42. Brubaker R. Nationalizing states revisited: projects and processes of nationalization in post-Soviet states // Ethnic and racial studies. 2011. Vol. 34, no. 11. P. 1785-1814.
43. Marat E. Imagined Past, Uncertain Future: The Creation of National Ideologies in Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan // Problems of post-communism. 2008. Vol. 55, no. 1. P. 12-24.
44. Genealogical Construction of the Kyrgyz Republic: Kinship, State and 'Tribalism' / Gullette D. Leiden: BRILL, 2010.
45. Clan Politics and Regime Transition in Central Asia / Collins K. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006.
46. Institutional Change and Political Continuity in Post-Soviet Central Asia: Power, Perceptions, and Pacts. / Jones Luong P. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002.
47. Modern Clan Politics: The Power of "Blood" in Kazakhstan and Beyond / Schatz E.: University of Washington Press, 2012.
48. Clans, Authoritarian Rulers, and Parliaments in Central Asia / Starr S.F. Washington, D.C.: John Hoptins Univesity-SAIS, 2006.
49. The Cultural Foundations of Nations: Hierarchy, Covenant, and Republic / Smith A.D. 1. Aufl. изд. Chicester: Chicester: Wiley-Blackwell, 2008.
50. Greenfeld L. The World Nationalism Made // American Affairs. 2018. URL: https://americanaffairsjournal.org/ 2018/11/the-world-nationalism-made/(accessed: 04.02.2021).
51. Gullette D., Heathershaw J. The affective politics of sovereignty: reflecting on the 2010 conflict in Kyrgyzstan // Nationalities papers. 2015. Vol. 43, no. 1. P. 122-139.
52. Lottholz P. Old Slogans Ringing Hollow? The Legacy of Social Engineering, Statebuilding and the ‘Dilemma of Difference’ in (Post-) Soviet Kyrgyzstan // Journal of Intervention and Statebuilding. 2018. Vol. 12, no. 3. P. 405-424.
53. Japarov S. Kyrgyz Respublikasynyn Prezidentinin mildetin atkaruuchu, Prem'er-ministr Sadyr ZHaparovdun rasmij bildirүүsү. 2020. URL: http://www.president.kg/kg/okujalar/sujlogon_sozdoru/18070_kirgiz_mrespublikasinin_ prezidentinin_mildetin_atkaruuchu_premer_ministr_sadir_ghaparovdun_rasmiy_bildirs.
54. Solov'ev V. «V tyur'me ty 24 chasa v sutki svobodnyj chelovek» // Kommersant. 2021. 11.01.2021. P. 1.
55. Japarov S. Uvazhaemye kyrgyzstancy! My sovershili revolyuciyu dlya togo, chtoby uluchshit' nashu stranu.. EditorFacebook, 2021.
56. Kurmanov Z. Parliamentarism Has Failed in Kyrgyzstan // Book Parliamentarism Has Failed in Kyrgyzstan / EditorCentral Asian Bureau for Analytical Reporting, 2020.
57. Japarov S. Sluzhenie budushchemu! Predvybornaya platforma Sadyra ZHaparova, kandidata na dolzhnost' Prezidenta Kyrgyzskoj Respubliki. 2020. URL: https://zhaparov.kg/kg/platforma-3/.
58. Japarov S. Samostoyatel'no dokazali, chto tridcat' let vorovali, zabyvaya, pri etom, o dolge pered narodom // Book Samostoyatel'no dokazali, chto tridcat' let vorovali, zabyvaya, pri etom, o dolge pered narodom / EditorFacebook, 2021.
59. Smith A.D. National identity and vernacular mobilisation in Europe // Nations and nationalism. 2011. Vol. 17, no. 2. P. 223-256.
60. Smith's A.D. Opening statement Nations and their pasts // Nations and nationalism. 1996. Vol. 2, no 3. P. 358-365.
61. Schulz A., Wirth W., Müller P. We Are the People and You Are Fake News: A Social Identity Approach to Populist Citizens’ False Consensus and Hostile Media Perceptions // Communication research. 2020. Vol. 47, no. 2. P. 201-226.
62. Schertzer R., Woods E. Nationalism: the ethno-nationalist populism of Donald Trump’s Twitter communication // Ethnic and racial studies. - 2020.10.1080/01419870.2020.1713390. P. 1-20.
63. New reflections on the revolution of our time / Ernesto Laclau / Laclau E. London; New York: Verso, 1990.
64. Canovan M. Taking politics to the people: populism as the ideology of democracy // Democracies and the populist challenge / Mény Y., Surel Y., 2002. P. 25-44.
65. Mouffe C. The "end of politics" and the challenge of right-wing populism // Populism and the mirror of democracy / Panizza F. London: Verso, 2005. C. 50-71.
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Поступила в редакцию
2021-07-27
Опубликована 2021-09-20
Опубликована 2021-09-20