«ВЕЧНОСТЬ ПАХНЕТ НЕФТЬЮ». НЕФТЬ И ХАНТЫ: ПРОТИВОДЕЙСТВИЕ ИЛИ ПРИСПОСОБЛЕНИЕ?
Ключевые слова:
ханты, остяки, коренные народы, традиционный образ жизни, нефтепромыслы, конфликтность, стратегии сосуществования
Аннотация
В своей статье автор показывает, какое разнообразное влияние оказывает добыча нефти на хантов, живущих в разных государственных административных округах Западной Сибири. По сложившемуся в международной антропологии мнению, добыча сырья, в рамках принятого «ресурсного курса», способна порождать конфликты и создавать «сырьевое господство». Автор считает, что утверждение Флориана Штаммлера, о том, что в Западной Сибири (Ханты-Мансийский автономный округ-Югра; Ямало-Ненецкий автономный округ) понятие конфликта не применимо для описания текущей ситуации. Представленные автором примеры указывают на то, что для хантов Томской области, присутствие нефтяников не приводило к конфликтам. Причина этого в том, что нефтяная промышленность предстает в местных дискурсах, прежде всего, как возможность для выживания, а также потому, что из-за вынужденного переселения «потерянное поколение» хантов встретилось с нефтяниками уже в сталинскую эпоху. Для них нефтяная промышленность не вызвала принципиальных изменений, она была лишь очередным проявлением доминирующего общественного большинства. Таким образом, взаимоотношения «большинства» и «меньшинства» в Томской области не являются ресурсным конфликтом, несмотря на то, что нефтяная промышленность превалирует в жизни региона.
Литература
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3. Considine J. I., Kerr W. A. The Russian oil economy. Cheltenham, Northampton: Edward Elgar. 2002. In English.
4. Evseeva N. S. Geografiya tomskoi oblasti. Prirodnye usloviya i resursy [The Geography of Tomsk County. Natural Circumstances and Resources.] Tomsk: Izdatel'stvo Tomskogo universiteta, 2001. In Russian.
5. Forsyth J. A History of the Peoples of Siberia. Russia’s North Asian Colony 1581-1990. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1992. In English.
6. Golovnev A. Wars and Chiefs among the Samoyeds and Ugrians of Western Siberia. In Schweitzer P.P., Biesele, M., Hitchcock R.K. Hunters and Gatherers in the Modern World: Conflict, Resistance, and Self-determination. New York: Berghahn Books. 2000. pp. 125-49. In English.
7. Hristoforova O. B. Interpretacii molchaniya: rechevoi etiket narodov Severa v zametkakh puteshestvennikov i po dannym folklora [The Interpretation of Silence: Linguistic Etiquet of the Northern People in the Notes of the Travellers and Folklore Texts.] Arbor Mundi. Mezhdunarodnyi zhurnal po teorii i istorii mirovoi kul'tury.[International Journal About The Theories of the World Cultures.] 2006. vyp. 12. C. 82-104. In Russian.
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9. Karl T. L. The Paradox of Plenty: Oil Booms and Petro-states. Berkeley: University of California Press. 1997. In English.
10. Kulemzin V. M. Ponemnogu o mnogom. Jazykom arhiva i glazami ochevidtsa [A little about a lot. With the language of the archives and the eyes of the observer] Jakovlev Ja.A. Zemlya Kargasokskaya [The lands of Kargasok] Tomsk: Izdatel'stvo Tomskogo universiteta. 1996. C. 236-254. In Russian.
11. Leete A. Sacrifical Ceremony at Lake Num-to. Pro Etnologia 5. Arctic Studies 1. 1997. pp. 35-55. In English.
12. Leete A. Ethnopolitical Comments About the Sacrifical Ceremony At Lake Num-to. Pro Etnologia 7. Arctic Studies 2. 1999. pp. 21-26. In English.
13. Letov E., Djagileva Ja, Rjabikov K. Russkoe pole eksperimentov [The Russian Fields of Experiments.] Moskva: Djuna. 1994. In Russian.
14. Logunov E. V. Rol' migracii v formirovanii kadrov Zapadno-Sibirskogo neftegazovogo kompleksa. [The Role of Migration in The Evolvement of The Western Siberian Oil and Gas Industry’s Cadres.] Gushhin N.Ja. Istoricheskii opyt sotsial'no-demograficheskogo razvitiya Sovetskoi Sibiri [Historical Experiment For Social and Demographical Development of The Soviet Siberia.] Novosibirsk. 1989. C. 94-96. In Russian.
15. Mamontova N. A. Korennye narody Sahalina i neftedobyvayushie kompanii. [The Indigenous people of Sakhalin and oil companies.] Funk D:A. (red.): Kul'tura i resursy. Opyt etnologicheskogo obsledovaniya sovremennogo polozheniya narodov Severa Sahalina [Culture and resources. An attempt to ethnological study of the current situation of the northern people living in Sakhalin.] Moskva: Demos. 2015. C. 108-158. In Russian.
16. Mandelstam-Balzer M. The Tenacity of Ethnicity. A Siberian Saga in Global Perspective. New Jersey: Princeton University Press. 1999. In English.
17. Moldanova T. A. Istoricheskoe i sovremennoe delenie kazymskikh hantov na razlichnye gruppy po dannym fol'klora i sovremennym predstavleniyam [The division of the Kazim Khanty People into historical and contemporary groups based on folklore data and modern ideas.] Problemy administrativno-gosudarstvennogo regulirovaniya mezhnacional'nykh otnoshenii v Tyumenskom regione: istoricheskii opyt i sovremennost'. [Issues of administrative-state regulation of ethnic relations in the Tyumen area: historical experience and modernity.] 1995. C. 75-78. In Russian.
18. Myskova E. V. Leviafan: diskursivnaya zavisimost' ot nefti. Ot resursa k metonimii i obratno [Leviathan: Discursive Dependence on Oil. From Resources to Metonymy and Back.] Sibirskie istoricheskie issledovaniya. [Siberian Historical Studies.] 2016. No. 4. C. 83-107. In Russian.
19. Nad' Z. Vasjuganskie hanty. Izmenenie religioznoi sistemy v XIX-XXI vekakh [The Khanty People of Vasyugan. The Changes of the Religious System, During the 19-20 Centuries.] Tomsk: Izd-vo Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo pedagogicheskogo universiteta. 2011. In Russian.
20. Nad' Z. Dom Petra. [Petro’s House.] Sibirskie ugry v ozherel'e subarkticheskikh kul'tur: obshhee i nepovtorimoe [The Siberian Ugors in the Subarcti Cultures’ Necklet: General and Unrepeated.] Vyp. 2 / (ed) Ja.A. Jakovlev. - Hanty-Mansiisk; Tomsk: Izd-vo Tom. un-ta, 2018. C. 143-189. In Russian.
21. Nagy Z. The labyrinth of identity: Khanty ethnic identity, its alternatives, and their place in the discourses of identity. In: Mantila H., Leinonen K., Brunni S., Palviainen S., Sivonen J. (eds.) Congressus Duodecimus Internationalis Fenno-Ugristarum, Oulu 2015. Plenary Papers /Studia Humaniora Ouluensia/ Oulu: University of Oulu. 2015. pp. 87-108. In English.
22. Novikova N. I. Okhotniki i neftjanniki. Issledovanii po yuridicheskoi antropolgii [Hunters and Oil-mans. Researches on Juridical Antropology.] Moskva: Nauka. 2014. In Russian.
23. Pesikova A. S. Nekotorye aspekty etnopsihologii obskikh ugrov (na primere pimskih hanty) [Some Aspects of the Obi-Ugor’s ethno psychology. (Based on the Example of the pimi khanty people)] Nauchnye trudy Surgutskogo universiteta (SurGU). [Sctientific Collection of Studies of The Surgut State University.] 1997. tom.3. C. 225-234. In Russian.
24. Russia. Selected Documents, Letters and Articles. Coppenhagen, IWGIA Document No. 86, 1996, 47-51. In English.
25. Sahlins M. Stone age economics. London: Tavistock. 1972. In English.
26. Saksinger G., Jefner Je., Shakirova Je., Ivanova M. Jakovlev M., Gareev Je..,Ja gotov”: Novoe pokolenie mobilnyh kadrov v rossiiskoi neftegazovoi promyshlennosti. [.,I Am Ready”. The Russian Oil and Gas Industry’s Commuter Cadre’s New Generation] Sibirskie Istoricheskie issledovaniya. [Siberian Historical Studies.] 2014. No. 4. C. 73-103. In Russian.
27. Sangi V. et al. To the General Secretary of the Central Committee of teh Communist Party of the Soviet Union comrade M.S. Gorbachev. In Pika A., Dahl J, Larsen I. (eds.): Anxious North. Indigenous peoples in Soviet and post-Soviet Russia: selected documents, letters, and articles. Copenhagen: International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs. 1996. pp.47-51. In English.
28. Scott J. C. Weapons of the Weak. Everyday Forms of Peasant Resistance. New_Haven and London: Yale University Press. 1985. In English.
29. Schlee G. Suggestions for a second reading an alternative perspective on contested resources as an explanation for conflict. In Behrends A., Reyna S. P., Schlee G. (eds.): Crude domination: an anthropology of oil. New York: Berghahn. 2011. pp. 298-302. In English.
30. Stammler F. ”The City became the Homeland for its Inhabitants, but Nobody is Planning to die here” - Anthropological Reflections on Human Communities in the Northern City. In Stammler F., Eilmsteiner-Saxinger G. (eds.): Biography, Shift-labour and Socialisation in a Northern Industrial City Arctic Centre Rovaniemi & Tyumen State University: online edited volume (www.arcticcentre.org/anthropology) 2010. pp.33-42. In English.
31. Stammler F. Oil without conflict? The anthropology of industrialisation in northern Russia. In Behrends A., Reyna S. P., Schlee G. (eds.): Crude domination: an anthropology of oil. New York: Berghahn. 2011. pp. 243-269. In English.
32. Vahtin N. Korennoe naselenie krainego severa Russkoi Federatsii. [The Northern Peoples of the Russian Federation.] Sankt-Peterburg: Izd. Evropejskogo doma. 1993. In Russian.
33. Watts M. Blood oil: The anatomy of a petro-insurgency in the Niger delta. Focaal. Vol. Issue 52. 2008. pp. 8-38. In English.
34. Wiget A., Balalaeva O. Black Snow: Oil and the Khanty of Western Siberia. Cultural Survival Quarterly 20. No.4. 1997. pp. 2-31. In English.
35. Wiget A. Balalaeva O. Neft', marginalizatsiya i vostochnye khanty. [Oil, the Eastern Khanty People and the Marginalisation.] Sibirskie istoricheskie issledovaniya. [Sibrian Historical Studies] 2014. No. 4. pp. 38-72. In Russian.
2. Behrends A., Reyna S. P. The crazy curse and crude domination: Toward an anthropology of oil. In Behrends A., Reyna S. P., Schlee G. (eds.): Crude domination: an anthropology of oil. New York: Berghahn. 2011. pp. 3-29. In English.
3. Considine J. I., Kerr W. A. The Russian oil economy. Cheltenham, Northampton: Edward Elgar. 2002. In English.
4. Evseeva N. S. Geografiya tomskoi oblasti. Prirodnye usloviya i resursy [The Geography of Tomsk County. Natural Circumstances and Resources.] Tomsk: Izdatel'stvo Tomskogo universiteta, 2001. In Russian.
5. Forsyth J. A History of the Peoples of Siberia. Russia’s North Asian Colony 1581-1990. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1992. In English.
6. Golovnev A. Wars and Chiefs among the Samoyeds and Ugrians of Western Siberia. In Schweitzer P.P., Biesele, M., Hitchcock R.K. Hunters and Gatherers in the Modern World: Conflict, Resistance, and Self-determination. New York: Berghahn Books. 2000. pp. 125-49. In English.
7. Hristoforova O. B. Interpretacii molchaniya: rechevoi etiket narodov Severa v zametkakh puteshestvennikov i po dannym folklora [The Interpretation of Silence: Linguistic Etiquet of the Northern People in the Notes of the Travellers and Folklore Texts.] Arbor Mundi. Mezhdunarodnyi zhurnal po teorii i istorii mirovoi kul'tury.[International Journal About The Theories of the World Cultures.] 2006. vyp. 12. C. 82-104. In Russian.
8. Ingold T. Hunters, pastoralists and ranchers. Reindeer economies and their transformations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1980. In English.
9. Karl T. L. The Paradox of Plenty: Oil Booms and Petro-states. Berkeley: University of California Press. 1997. In English.
10. Kulemzin V. M. Ponemnogu o mnogom. Jazykom arhiva i glazami ochevidtsa [A little about a lot. With the language of the archives and the eyes of the observer] Jakovlev Ja.A. Zemlya Kargasokskaya [The lands of Kargasok] Tomsk: Izdatel'stvo Tomskogo universiteta. 1996. C. 236-254. In Russian.
11. Leete A. Sacrifical Ceremony at Lake Num-to. Pro Etnologia 5. Arctic Studies 1. 1997. pp. 35-55. In English.
12. Leete A. Ethnopolitical Comments About the Sacrifical Ceremony At Lake Num-to. Pro Etnologia 7. Arctic Studies 2. 1999. pp. 21-26. In English.
13. Letov E., Djagileva Ja, Rjabikov K. Russkoe pole eksperimentov [The Russian Fields of Experiments.] Moskva: Djuna. 1994. In Russian.
14. Logunov E. V. Rol' migracii v formirovanii kadrov Zapadno-Sibirskogo neftegazovogo kompleksa. [The Role of Migration in The Evolvement of The Western Siberian Oil and Gas Industry’s Cadres.] Gushhin N.Ja. Istoricheskii opyt sotsial'no-demograficheskogo razvitiya Sovetskoi Sibiri [Historical Experiment For Social and Demographical Development of The Soviet Siberia.] Novosibirsk. 1989. C. 94-96. In Russian.
15. Mamontova N. A. Korennye narody Sahalina i neftedobyvayushie kompanii. [The Indigenous people of Sakhalin and oil companies.] Funk D:A. (red.): Kul'tura i resursy. Opyt etnologicheskogo obsledovaniya sovremennogo polozheniya narodov Severa Sahalina [Culture and resources. An attempt to ethnological study of the current situation of the northern people living in Sakhalin.] Moskva: Demos. 2015. C. 108-158. In Russian.
16. Mandelstam-Balzer M. The Tenacity of Ethnicity. A Siberian Saga in Global Perspective. New Jersey: Princeton University Press. 1999. In English.
17. Moldanova T. A. Istoricheskoe i sovremennoe delenie kazymskikh hantov na razlichnye gruppy po dannym fol'klora i sovremennym predstavleniyam [The division of the Kazim Khanty People into historical and contemporary groups based on folklore data and modern ideas.] Problemy administrativno-gosudarstvennogo regulirovaniya mezhnacional'nykh otnoshenii v Tyumenskom regione: istoricheskii opyt i sovremennost'. [Issues of administrative-state regulation of ethnic relations in the Tyumen area: historical experience and modernity.] 1995. C. 75-78. In Russian.
18. Myskova E. V. Leviafan: diskursivnaya zavisimost' ot nefti. Ot resursa k metonimii i obratno [Leviathan: Discursive Dependence on Oil. From Resources to Metonymy and Back.] Sibirskie istoricheskie issledovaniya. [Siberian Historical Studies.] 2016. No. 4. C. 83-107. In Russian.
19. Nad' Z. Vasjuganskie hanty. Izmenenie religioznoi sistemy v XIX-XXI vekakh [The Khanty People of Vasyugan. The Changes of the Religious System, During the 19-20 Centuries.] Tomsk: Izd-vo Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo pedagogicheskogo universiteta. 2011. In Russian.
20. Nad' Z. Dom Petra. [Petro’s House.] Sibirskie ugry v ozherel'e subarkticheskikh kul'tur: obshhee i nepovtorimoe [The Siberian Ugors in the Subarcti Cultures’ Necklet: General and Unrepeated.] Vyp. 2 / (ed) Ja.A. Jakovlev. - Hanty-Mansiisk; Tomsk: Izd-vo Tom. un-ta, 2018. C. 143-189. In Russian.
21. Nagy Z. The labyrinth of identity: Khanty ethnic identity, its alternatives, and their place in the discourses of identity. In: Mantila H., Leinonen K., Brunni S., Palviainen S., Sivonen J. (eds.) Congressus Duodecimus Internationalis Fenno-Ugristarum, Oulu 2015. Plenary Papers /Studia Humaniora Ouluensia/ Oulu: University of Oulu. 2015. pp. 87-108. In English.
22. Novikova N. I. Okhotniki i neftjanniki. Issledovanii po yuridicheskoi antropolgii [Hunters and Oil-mans. Researches on Juridical Antropology.] Moskva: Nauka. 2014. In Russian.
23. Pesikova A. S. Nekotorye aspekty etnopsihologii obskikh ugrov (na primere pimskih hanty) [Some Aspects of the Obi-Ugor’s ethno psychology. (Based on the Example of the pimi khanty people)] Nauchnye trudy Surgutskogo universiteta (SurGU). [Sctientific Collection of Studies of The Surgut State University.] 1997. tom.3. C. 225-234. In Russian.
24. Russia. Selected Documents, Letters and Articles. Coppenhagen, IWGIA Document No. 86, 1996, 47-51. In English.
25. Sahlins M. Stone age economics. London: Tavistock. 1972. In English.
26. Saksinger G., Jefner Je., Shakirova Je., Ivanova M. Jakovlev M., Gareev Je..,Ja gotov”: Novoe pokolenie mobilnyh kadrov v rossiiskoi neftegazovoi promyshlennosti. [.,I Am Ready”. The Russian Oil and Gas Industry’s Commuter Cadre’s New Generation] Sibirskie Istoricheskie issledovaniya. [Siberian Historical Studies.] 2014. No. 4. C. 73-103. In Russian.
27. Sangi V. et al. To the General Secretary of the Central Committee of teh Communist Party of the Soviet Union comrade M.S. Gorbachev. In Pika A., Dahl J, Larsen I. (eds.): Anxious North. Indigenous peoples in Soviet and post-Soviet Russia: selected documents, letters, and articles. Copenhagen: International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs. 1996. pp.47-51. In English.
28. Scott J. C. Weapons of the Weak. Everyday Forms of Peasant Resistance. New_Haven and London: Yale University Press. 1985. In English.
29. Schlee G. Suggestions for a second reading an alternative perspective on contested resources as an explanation for conflict. In Behrends A., Reyna S. P., Schlee G. (eds.): Crude domination: an anthropology of oil. New York: Berghahn. 2011. pp. 298-302. In English.
30. Stammler F. ”The City became the Homeland for its Inhabitants, but Nobody is Planning to die here” - Anthropological Reflections on Human Communities in the Northern City. In Stammler F., Eilmsteiner-Saxinger G. (eds.): Biography, Shift-labour and Socialisation in a Northern Industrial City Arctic Centre Rovaniemi & Tyumen State University: online edited volume (www.arcticcentre.org/anthropology) 2010. pp.33-42. In English.
31. Stammler F. Oil without conflict? The anthropology of industrialisation in northern Russia. In Behrends A., Reyna S. P., Schlee G. (eds.): Crude domination: an anthropology of oil. New York: Berghahn. 2011. pp. 243-269. In English.
32. Vahtin N. Korennoe naselenie krainego severa Russkoi Federatsii. [The Northern Peoples of the Russian Federation.] Sankt-Peterburg: Izd. Evropejskogo doma. 1993. In Russian.
33. Watts M. Blood oil: The anatomy of a petro-insurgency in the Niger delta. Focaal. Vol. Issue 52. 2008. pp. 8-38. In English.
34. Wiget A., Balalaeva O. Black Snow: Oil and the Khanty of Western Siberia. Cultural Survival Quarterly 20. No.4. 1997. pp. 2-31. In English.
35. Wiget A. Balalaeva O. Neft', marginalizatsiya i vostochnye khanty. [Oil, the Eastern Khanty People and the Marginalisation.] Sibirskie istoricheskie issledovaniya. [Sibrian Historical Studies] 2014. No. 4. pp. 38-72. In Russian.
Поступила в редакцию
2020-05-15
Опубликована 2020-10-02
Опубликована 2020-10-02