НАЦИОНАЛИЗМ В УЭЛЬСЕ В КОНЦЕ XIX - НАЧАЛЕ XX ВЕКОВ КАК ФАКТОР СОХРАНЕНИЯ ВАЛЛИЙСКОЙ ИДЕНТИЧНОСТИ
Ключевые слова:
национализм, Уэльс, валлийская идентичность, историческая память, индустриальное общество
Аннотация
Формирование национализма в Уэльсе в конце XIX - начале XX вв. было обусловлено индустриальным развитием региона. Валлийская идентичность подверглась «размыванию» под напором городской культуры. На фоне работ валлийских антикваров по истории Уэльса, воссоздания бардовской традиции, постройки Национальной библиотеки Уэльса развивался валлийский национализм, целью которого становилось сохранение самобытной валлийской культуры и языка. Постепенно на смену культурному приходит политический национализм, потому что только на государственном уровне можно добиться изменений. Первые политические организации Уэльса, такие как Камри Фидд, требовали Home Rule наравне с Ирландией и Шотландией. Таким образом, в указанный период произошло институциональное оформление валлийского национализма из просветительского движения до организаций, требующих самоуправления для Уэльса.
Литература
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39. Johnes M. Wales since 1939. Manchester, Manchester University Press, 2012. 469 p.
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41. Kidd C. British Identities before Nationalism. Ethnisity and Nationhood in the Atlantic World, 1600-1800. 1999.
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46. Morgan K. O. David Lloyd George: Welsh Radical as World Statesman, Cardiff, University of Wales Press, 1963.
47. Nairn T. Scotland and Wales: Notes on Nationalist Prehistory. Planet, 1976, vol. 34, pp. 1-11.
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49. Price E. David Lloyd George, Cardiff, University of Wales Press, 2006.
50. Smith A. D. Ethno-Symbolism and Nationalism: a Cultural Approach / A. D. Smith. NY, Routledge, 2009, 184 p.
51. Smith A. D. Myths and Memories of the Nation. Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1999.
52. Snyder E. D. The Celtic Revival in English Literature. 1760-1800. Gloster, Mass., 1965.
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59. Welsh Nationalism. Hawera & Normanby Star, vol. LXI, 1911, March, 7. URL: http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&d=HNS19110307.2.60
60. Williams G. A. When was Wales? London, Penguin, 1985.
61. Williams G. Religion, Language and Nationality in Wales: Historical Essay. Cardiff, University of Wales Press, 1979.
62. Williams G. A. Are Welsh Historians Putting on the Style? Planet, 1988, no. 68, pp. 23-31.
63. Williams R. Who speaks for Wales? Nation, Culture, Identity. Cardiff, University of Wales Press, 2003, pp.186-203.
2. Кобрин К. Р. Геральд Камбрийский: границы родины, границы как родина // Cymru Уэльс. URL: http://www.cymraeg.ru/gerallt/marchia.html
3. Липкин М. А. Двадцать первый век по Гринвичу: Британия в поисках постимперской идентичности // Национализм в мировой истории / под. ред. В. А. Тишкова, В. А. Шнирельмана. М.: Ин-т этнологии и антропологии РАН, 2007. С. 122-142.
4. Лошкарева М. Е. Развитие легендарной традиции Уэльса в XII веке // Тамбов: Грамота, 2009. № 3(4). C. 105-110.
5. Хобсбаум Э. Нации и национализм после 1780 года. СПб.: Алетейя, 2017. 308 с.
6. Шнирельман В. А. Единая Европа и соблазн кельтского мифа // Национализм в мировой истории / под. ред. В. А. Тишкова, В. А. Шнирельмана. М.: Ин-т этнологии и антропологии РАН, 2007. С. 452-487.
7. 1914: A Welsh Home Rule Bill Introduced. Wales History Timeline. URL: http://britannia.com/celtic/wales/timeline/ tl17.html
8. About the Association. The Cambrian Archaeological Association. URL: http://www.orchardweb.co.uk/cambrians/ aboutus.html
9. Adamson D. L. The Intellectual and the National Movement in Wales / eds. R. Fevre and A. Thompson, Nation, Identity and Social Theory: Perspectives from Wales. Cardiff, University Wales Press, 1999, pp. 48-68.
10. Andersen R. National Identity and Independence Attitudes: Minority Nationalism in Scotland and Wales. The Centre for Research into Elections and Social Trends, 2001. URL: http://www.crest.ox.ac.uk
11. Archaeologia Cambrensis: a Record of the Antiquities of Wales and its Marches and the Journal of the Cambrian Archaeological Association. London, 1892, p. 191.
12. Balsom D., Van Mechelen D. The Political Consequences of Welsh Identity. University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Centre for the Study for the Public Policy, 1982.
13. Beckett J. C. Nationalism and Separatism. Contemporary History, 1971, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 121-134.
14. Borland J., Fevre R., Denney D. Nationalism and Community at North Wales. Sociological Review, 1992, pp. 49-72.
15. Davies Ch. A. Nationalism after Referendum. Planet, 1980, vol. 49/50, pp. 64-70.
16. Davies Ch. A. Welsh Nationalism in the Twentieth Century: the Ethnic Option and the Modern State. Praeger, 1989.
17. Davies J. History of Wales. London, Penguin, 1993.
18. Davies R. R. On Being Welsh: A Historian’s Viewpoint. Transactions of the Society of Cymmrodorion, 2002, no. 9, pр. 29-40.
19. Day G., Rees G. Editorial. Images of Contemporary Wales: Researching Social and Economic Change. Contemporary Wales, 1987, no. 1, pp. 1-6.
20. Denney D. The Social Construction of Nationalism. Contemporary Wales an Annual of Economic & Social Research, 1991, no. 4, pp. 149-165.
21. Disestablishment, Cymru Fydd and Plaid Cymru. The National Library of Wales. URL: https://www.llgc.org.uk/ymgyrchu/Datganoli/PlaidCymru/index-e.htm
22. Dodd A. H. A Short History of Wales: Welsh Life and Customs from Prehistoric Times to the Present Day. Batsford, 1972.
23. Dodd A. H. Nationalism in Wales: A Historical Assessment. Transactions of the Honourable Society of Cymmrodorion, part 1, 1970, pp. 33-49.
24. Edwards A., Tanner D. Defining or dividing the nation? Opinion polls, Welsh identity and devolution, 1966-1979. Contemporary Wales, 2006, no. 18, pр. 54-71.
25. Evans G. Land of My Fathers: 2000 Years of Welsh History. Y Lolfa, 1974.
26. Fevre R. Wales is Closed. Nottingham, Spokesman Press, 1989.
27. Gorsedd. Cychwyn yr Orsedd. URL: http://www.gorsedd.org/hanes.php
28. Government of Scotland Bill. House of Common. Orders of the day. 30 May 1913. URL: http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/commons/1913/may/30/government-of-scotland-bill#S5CV0053P0_19130530_HOC_96
29. Hechter M. Internal Colonialism: The Celtic Fringe in British National Development, 1536-1966. Berkeley & Los Angeles, University of California Press, 1975.
30. Henderson А. Home Rule All Round. Welsh Outlook, 1918, June, 6, vol. 5, pp. 184-185.
31. Home Rule and Welsh Disestablishment Bills. House of Common. 1912, March, 28. URL: http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/commons/1912/mar/28/home-rule-and-welsh-disestablishment#S5CV0036P0_ 19120328_HOC_187
32. Home rule for Wales: What does at mean? London, 1890.
33. Home-Rule all Round. The Spectator. 1890, May, 10. URL: http://archive.spectator.co.uk/article/10th-may-1890/5/home-rule-all-round
34. Hughes D. R. Cymru Fydd. University of Wales Press, 2006.
35. Jenkins G. H. Clio and Wales: Remembrancers and Historical Writing, 1751-2001. Transactions of the Honourable Society of Cymmrodorion. Rhifyn, 2001. New Series, 2002, no. 8, pp. 119-136.
36. Jenkins R. T. Nations and nationalism: towards more open models. Nations and nationalism, 1995, № 1(3), pp. 369-390. URL: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1354-5078.1995.00369.x/abstract
37. Jenkins R. T., Helen M. A History of the Honourable Society of Cymmrodorion and of the Gwyneddigion and Cymreigyddion Societies (1751-1951). Y Cymmrodor 50. London, Honourable Society of Cymmrodorion, 1951, pp. 91-128.
38. Jobbins S. T. The Phenomenon of Welshness or “How Many Aircraft Carriers Would an Independent Wales Have?”. Gwasg Carreg Gwalch, 2011, 217 p.
39. Johnes M. Wales since 1939. Manchester, Manchester University Press, 2012. 469 p.
40. Jones R. M. Beyond Identity? The Reconstruction of the Welsh. Journal of British Studies, 1992, no. 31, pр. 33-57.
41. Kidd C. British Identities before Nationalism. Ethnisity and Nationhood in the Atlantic World, 1600-1800. 1999.
42. Leathart W. D. The Origin and Progress of the Gwyneddigion Society of London 1831. URL: http://books.google.com.au/ books?id=VoAOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA98&hl=ru&source=gbs_selected_pages#v=onepage&q&f=false
43. Maiz R. Politics and the Nation: Nationalist Mobilisation and Ethnic Differences. Nations and Nationalism, 2003, vol. 9, no. 2, pp.195-212.
44. Mears R. A Sociological Analysis of Welsh Nationalism. University of Leicester, 1986.
45. Morgan K. O. Rebirth of a Nation: Wales, 1880-1980. Oxford/Cardiff, Oxford University Press and University of Wales Press, 1981.
46. Morgan K. O. David Lloyd George: Welsh Radical as World Statesman, Cardiff, University of Wales Press, 1963.
47. Nairn T. Scotland and Wales: Notes on Nationalist Prehistory. Planet, 1976, vol. 34, pp. 1-11.
48. Pitchford S. R. Image-Making Movements: Welsh Nationalism and Stereotype Transformation. Sociological Perspectives, Spring, 2001, vol. 44, no. 1, pp. 45-65. URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1389808
49. Price E. David Lloyd George, Cardiff, University of Wales Press, 2006.
50. Smith A. D. Ethno-Symbolism and Nationalism: a Cultural Approach / A. D. Smith. NY, Routledge, 2009, 184 p.
51. Smith A. D. Myths and Memories of the Nation. Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1999.
52. Snyder E. D. The Celtic Revival in English Literature. 1760-1800. Gloster, Mass., 1965.
53. The National Eisteddfod of Wales. The National Eisteddfod of Wales. URL: http://www.historic-uk.com/HistoryUK/HistoryofWales/The-National-Eisteddfod-of-Wales/
54. The National Eisteddfod of Wales. URL: https://www.museumwales.ac.uk/887/
55. Vaughan-Thomas W. Wales History. London, Michael Joseph Ltd., 1985.
56. Wales. Encyclopedia of British and Irish Political Organizations: Parties, Groups, and Movements of the Twentieth Century, pр. 446-449. URL: https://books.google.ru/books/about/Encyclopedia_of_British_and_Irish_Politi.html? id=-48UAQAAIAAJ&hl=ru
57. Welsh Devolution: A Timeline. Information Services by CARDIFF UNIVERSITY. URL: http://www.cardiff.ac.uk/insrv/libraries/scolar/digital/devolutionsources.html
58. Welsh Home Rule. Spectator. 1914, July, 25, p. 13. URL: http://archive.spectator.co.uk/article/25th-july-1914/14/welsh-home-rule
59. Welsh Nationalism. Hawera & Normanby Star, vol. LXI, 1911, March, 7. URL: http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&d=HNS19110307.2.60
60. Williams G. A. When was Wales? London, Penguin, 1985.
61. Williams G. Religion, Language and Nationality in Wales: Historical Essay. Cardiff, University of Wales Press, 1979.
62. Williams G. A. Are Welsh Historians Putting on the Style? Planet, 1988, no. 68, pp. 23-31.
63. Williams R. Who speaks for Wales? Nation, Culture, Identity. Cardiff, University of Wales Press, 2003, pp.186-203.
Поступила в редакцию
2018-11-23
Опубликована 2019-02-25
Опубликована 2019-02-25