«КУЛЬТУРНЫЙ ПОВОРОТ» И СОВРЕМЕННЫЕ ПОДХОДЫ К ИССЛЕДОВАНИЮ ФАШИЗМА В АНГЛО-АМЕРИКАНСКОЙ ИСТОРИОГРАФИИ
Ключевые слова:
фашизм, нацизм, политическая религия, харизматическое лидерство, антисемитизм, Холокост, модернизм
Аннотация
В статье рассматриваются новые тенденции в изучении фашизма представленные в исторической литературе США и Великобритании начиная с 1990-х гг., связанные с «культурным поворотом» в исторической науке. В историографии фашизма «культурный поворот» выразился в обращении исследователей к изучению идеологии, которую ранее серьезно не воспринимали. Историки вновь вернулись к рассмотрению фашизма как политической религии, к концепции М. Вебера о харизматическом лидерстве, изучению антисемитизма, Холокоста, фашистской культуры, влиянию идеологии на повседневную жизнь простых людей в фашистских государствах и практике по созданию нового человека, сравнительному изучению фашистских движений. Для реализации поставленной цели автор обращается к классическим исследованиям фашизма в работах Р. Гриффина, С. Дж. Пейна, Р. Итвелла, А. Каллиса, Я. Кершоу, Р. Бен-Гиат и др.
Литература
1. Adamson W. L., Avant-Garde Florence. From Modernism to Fascism. Cambridge, MA 1993. 352 p.
2. Antliff,M. Avant-Garde Fascism. The Mobilization of Myth, Art, and Culture in France, 1909-1939. Durham, NC 2007. 372 p.
3. Art, culture, and media under the Third Reich // Ed. By R. Etlin. R. The university of Chicago press, 2002. 373p.
4. Becoming a Nazi Town: Culture and Politics in Göttingen between the Wars // By David Imhoof. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2013. 278 р.
5. Ben-Ghiat R. A Lesser Evil? Italian Fascism in/and the Totalitarian Equation // The Lesser Evil: Moral Approaches to Genocide Practices in a Comparative Perspective // Ed. By Dubiel H. and Motzkin G. London: Frank Cass, 2004. 240 p.
6. Ben-Ghiat R. Italian fascism's empire cinema. Indiana University Press, 2015. 400 p.
7. Ben-Ghiat,R. Fascist Modernities. Italy, 1922-1945. Berkeley 2004. 327 p.
8. Bosworth, R.J. B. The Italian Dictatorship: Problems and Perspectives in the Interpretation of Mussolini and Fascism. London: Arnold.1998. 269 p.
9. Bosworth R. J. B. Mussolini. London, Arnold, 2002. 584 р
10. Braun E. Sironi Mario and Italian Modernism. Art and Politics under Fascism. Cambridge 2000. 346 p.
11. Browning C. R. Ordinry Men: Reserve Polict Battalion 101 and the Final Solution in Poland. Harper Collins, 2017. 384 р.,
12. Burleigh M. Sacred Causes: The Clash of Religion and Politics from the Great War to the War on Terror. New York: Harper Collins, 2007. 557 p.
13. Burleigh M. The Third Reich: A New History. London, PanMacmillan. 992 p.
14. Burleigh, M. and Wippermann, W. The Racial State: Germany 1933-45. New York: Cambridge University Press. 1991. 386 р.
15. Caprotti F. Mussolini’s Cities. Internal Colonialism in Italy 1930-1939. - Youngstown, New-York 2007. 290 p.
16. Champagne J. Aesthetic Modernism and Masculinity in Fascist Italy, Routledge: Abingdon, 2013. 221 pp.
17. Comparative fascist studies: new perspectives // Ed. by C. Iordachi. London and New York, Routledge, 2010. 384 p.
18. Corner Р. The Fascist Party and Popular Opinion in Mussolini’s Italy. Oxford: Oxford U.P., 2012. 302 р.
19. De Grand A. Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany. New York: Routledge, 1995. 158 p.
20. Dobry M. February 1934 and the Discovery of French Society’s Allergy to the «Fascist Revolution». In France in the Era of Fascism: Essays on the French Authoritarian Right // Ed. By BrianJenkins,. New York and Oxford: Berghahn, 2005. 256 p.
21. Domenico R. Italian Fascists on Trial 1943-1948. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1991. 315р.
22. Eatwell R. Towards a New Model of Generic Fascism // Journal of Theoretical Politics. 1992, N 4, pp. 162-194.
23. Eatwell, R. Explaining Fascism and Ethnic Cleansing: The Three Dimensions of Charisma and the Four Dark Sides of Nationalism // Political Studies Review, 4(3), pp.263-278.
24. Ebner M. Ordinary Violence in Mussolini’s Italy. - Cambridge University Press, 2014. 305 p.
25. Falasca-Zamponi S. Fascist Spectacle: The Aesthetics of Power in Mussolini's Italy. University of California Press, 1997. 303 p.
26. Fascism, Totalitarianism and Political Religion // Ed. By R. Griffin. Routledge, 2013. 240 p.
27. Ferris K. Everyday Life in Fascist Venice, 1929-40. Basingstoke, Palgrave Macmillan, 2012. 272 p.
28. Freeden M. Ideology a very short introduction. New York: Oxford University Press, 2003. 142 р.
29. Gellately R. Backing Hitler: Consent and Coercion in Nazi Germany. Oxford and New York, 2001. 384 p.
30. Gentile E. The Sacralization of Politics in Fascist Italy. Princeton University Press, 2006. 222 p.
31. Gentile E.TheSacralisation of politics: Difinitions? Interpretations and reflections on the questions of secular religion and totalitarianism // Totalitarian Movements and Political Religions, 1 Jun, 2000. P. 18-55.
32. Ghirardo, D. Italy: Modern Architectures in History, London: Reaktion Books, 2013. 256 p.
33. Gillette А. Racial Theories in Fascist Italy. New York, Routledge 2014. 256 р.
34. Goldhagen D. Hitler’s willing executioners. New York, Alfred A. Knopf, 1997. 634 p.
35. Gordon R. S.C., Race. The Oxford Handbook of Fascism // Ed. by R. J. B. Bosworth. Oxford University Press, 2009. 626 p.
36. Gregor A. J.Mussolini's Intellectuals: Fascist Social and Political Thought. Princeton University Hress, 2005. 296 р.
37. Griffin R. The nature of fascism. London, 1991. 245 p.
38. Griffin R. Modernism and fascism. The sense of a beginning under Mussolini and Hitler. Basingstoke, Palgrave-Macmillan, 2007. 470 p.
39. Griffin R. Was Nazism Fascist? // Modern Historical Review, 5/1 (1993), Pp. 15-17.
40. Gurian W. Totalitarianism as Political Religion // Totalitarianism. Ed. by Carl J. Friedrich. New York., Grosset& Dunlap, 1964. 384 p.
41. Herbert U. Generation der Sachlichkeit: Die völkischeStudentenbewegung der frühenzwanziger Jahre in Deutschland // eds. Frank Bajohr F., Johe W. and Lohalm U. Zivilisation und Barbarei. Die widersprüchlichenPotentiale der Moderne. Hamburg 1991. 356 S.
42. Hewitt A. Fascist Modernism: Aesthetics, Politics, and the Avant-Garde. Stanford 1993. 222 p.
43. Imhoof D. Becoming a Nazi Town: Culture and Politics in Göttingen between the Wars. AnnArbor: University ofMichigan Press, 2013. 278 р.
44. Johnson E.A. Nazi terror. The Gestapo, Jews, and Ordinary Germans. New York, 1999. 636 p.
45. Kallis A. When Fascism Became Mainstream: The Challenge of Extremism in Times of Crisis // Fascism Journal of Comparative Fascist Studies. vol. 4, 2015, Issue 1. P. 1-24.
46. Kallis A. Fascist Ideology. Territory and Expansionism in Italy and Germany, 1922-1945. London and New York: Routledge, 2000. 304 р.
47. Kallis А. Genocide and Fascism. The Eliminationist Drive in Fascist Europe. New York, 2009. 414 р.
48. Kallis A. Fascism // Encyclopedia of Modern Europe. Europe Since 1914: Encyclopedia of the Age of War and Reconstruction / Merriman J., Winter J. (eds.). NY: Charles Scribner's Sons/Gale Thomson, 2006. Vol. 2. P. 1053-1065.
49. Kershaw I. Hitler and the Uniqueness of Nazism // Journal of Contemporary History Vol. 39(2). Р. 239-254.
50. Knox M. Common Destiny: Dictatorship, Foreign Policy, and War in Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany. Cambridge University Press, 2000. 262 p.
51. Lyttelton A. Rethinking the Nature of Fascism // Ed. By Costa Pinto A. London: Palgrave, 2011. 287 p.
52. The Oxford Handbook of Fascism // Ed. By R. J. Bosworth. Oxford University Press. 2010. 644 p.
53. Paxton, Robert O. 1998. The Five Stages of Fascism // Journal of Modern History 70, no. 1. P. 1-23.
54. Payne S. Fascism: Comparison and Definition. - Madison : University of Wisconsin Press, 1980. 234 p.
55. Payne S. Foreword // Rethinking the Nature of Fascism Comparative Perspectives Edited by António Costa Pinto Springer, 2010. 287 p.
56. Payne S. On the Heuristic Value of the Concept of Political Religion and its Application // Totalitarian Movements and Political Religions vol. 6, no. 2. P. 163-174.
57. Ponzio А. Shaping the New Man: Youth Training Regimes in Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 2017. 316 р.
58. Reichardt S. Fascist Marches in Italy and Germany: Squadre and SA before the Seizure of Power // The Street as Stage: Protest Marches and Public Rallies since the Nineteenth Century // Ed. By Matthias R.Oxford University Press, 2007. P. 169-189.
59. Sluga G. Fascism: History, Memory and Representation // Ed. By R.J. Bosworth, P. Dogliani. Palgrave Macmillan, 2016. 245 p.
60. Stone M.S. The Patron State. Culture and Politics in Fascist Italy. - Princeton, NJ 1998. 338 p.
61. The Historiography of the Holocaust // Ed. By D. Stone. Springer, 2004. 573 p.
62. The Nature of fascism: proceedings of a conference held by the Reading University Graduate School of Contemporary European Studies. Ed. by S. J. Woolf. London, Weidenfeld & Nicolson,1968. 261 p.
63. Tumblety J. Rethinking the Fascist Aesthetic: Mass Gymnastics, Political Spectacle and the Stadium in 1930s France // European History Quarterly, 2013, 43(4) pp. 707-730
64. Visualizing fascism // Ed.by J. Thomas. Durham, London, 2020. 337 p.
65. Voegelin E. Political Religions, translated by T. J. DiNapoli and Peter Emberley, edited by Barry Cooper. Lewistown, New York: Edwin Mellen Press, 1986. 150 р.
66. Zimmerman J.D. Jews in Italy under Fascist and Nazi Rule, 1922-1945 // Ed. by Zimmerman J.D. Cambridge 2005. 374 р.
2. Antliff,M. Avant-Garde Fascism. The Mobilization of Myth, Art, and Culture in France, 1909-1939. Durham, NC 2007. 372 p.
3. Art, culture, and media under the Third Reich // Ed. By R. Etlin. R. The university of Chicago press, 2002. 373p.
4. Becoming a Nazi Town: Culture and Politics in Göttingen between the Wars // By David Imhoof. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2013. 278 р.
5. Ben-Ghiat R. A Lesser Evil? Italian Fascism in/and the Totalitarian Equation // The Lesser Evil: Moral Approaches to Genocide Practices in a Comparative Perspective // Ed. By Dubiel H. and Motzkin G. London: Frank Cass, 2004. 240 p.
6. Ben-Ghiat R. Italian fascism's empire cinema. Indiana University Press, 2015. 400 p.
7. Ben-Ghiat,R. Fascist Modernities. Italy, 1922-1945. Berkeley 2004. 327 p.
8. Bosworth, R.J. B. The Italian Dictatorship: Problems and Perspectives in the Interpretation of Mussolini and Fascism. London: Arnold.1998. 269 p.
9. Bosworth R. J. B. Mussolini. London, Arnold, 2002. 584 р
10. Braun E. Sironi Mario and Italian Modernism. Art and Politics under Fascism. Cambridge 2000. 346 p.
11. Browning C. R. Ordinry Men: Reserve Polict Battalion 101 and the Final Solution in Poland. Harper Collins, 2017. 384 р.,
12. Burleigh M. Sacred Causes: The Clash of Religion and Politics from the Great War to the War on Terror. New York: Harper Collins, 2007. 557 p.
13. Burleigh M. The Third Reich: A New History. London, PanMacmillan. 992 p.
14. Burleigh, M. and Wippermann, W. The Racial State: Germany 1933-45. New York: Cambridge University Press. 1991. 386 р.
15. Caprotti F. Mussolini’s Cities. Internal Colonialism in Italy 1930-1939. - Youngstown, New-York 2007. 290 p.
16. Champagne J. Aesthetic Modernism and Masculinity in Fascist Italy, Routledge: Abingdon, 2013. 221 pp.
17. Comparative fascist studies: new perspectives // Ed. by C. Iordachi. London and New York, Routledge, 2010. 384 p.
18. Corner Р. The Fascist Party and Popular Opinion in Mussolini’s Italy. Oxford: Oxford U.P., 2012. 302 р.
19. De Grand A. Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany. New York: Routledge, 1995. 158 p.
20. Dobry M. February 1934 and the Discovery of French Society’s Allergy to the «Fascist Revolution». In France in the Era of Fascism: Essays on the French Authoritarian Right // Ed. By BrianJenkins,. New York and Oxford: Berghahn, 2005. 256 p.
21. Domenico R. Italian Fascists on Trial 1943-1948. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1991. 315р.
22. Eatwell R. Towards a New Model of Generic Fascism // Journal of Theoretical Politics. 1992, N 4, pp. 162-194.
23. Eatwell, R. Explaining Fascism and Ethnic Cleansing: The Three Dimensions of Charisma and the Four Dark Sides of Nationalism // Political Studies Review, 4(3), pp.263-278.
24. Ebner M. Ordinary Violence in Mussolini’s Italy. - Cambridge University Press, 2014. 305 p.
25. Falasca-Zamponi S. Fascist Spectacle: The Aesthetics of Power in Mussolini's Italy. University of California Press, 1997. 303 p.
26. Fascism, Totalitarianism and Political Religion // Ed. By R. Griffin. Routledge, 2013. 240 p.
27. Ferris K. Everyday Life in Fascist Venice, 1929-40. Basingstoke, Palgrave Macmillan, 2012. 272 p.
28. Freeden M. Ideology a very short introduction. New York: Oxford University Press, 2003. 142 р.
29. Gellately R. Backing Hitler: Consent and Coercion in Nazi Germany. Oxford and New York, 2001. 384 p.
30. Gentile E. The Sacralization of Politics in Fascist Italy. Princeton University Press, 2006. 222 p.
31. Gentile E.TheSacralisation of politics: Difinitions? Interpretations and reflections on the questions of secular religion and totalitarianism // Totalitarian Movements and Political Religions, 1 Jun, 2000. P. 18-55.
32. Ghirardo, D. Italy: Modern Architectures in History, London: Reaktion Books, 2013. 256 p.
33. Gillette А. Racial Theories in Fascist Italy. New York, Routledge 2014. 256 р.
34. Goldhagen D. Hitler’s willing executioners. New York, Alfred A. Knopf, 1997. 634 p.
35. Gordon R. S.C., Race. The Oxford Handbook of Fascism // Ed. by R. J. B. Bosworth. Oxford University Press, 2009. 626 p.
36. Gregor A. J.Mussolini's Intellectuals: Fascist Social and Political Thought. Princeton University Hress, 2005. 296 р.
37. Griffin R. The nature of fascism. London, 1991. 245 p.
38. Griffin R. Modernism and fascism. The sense of a beginning under Mussolini and Hitler. Basingstoke, Palgrave-Macmillan, 2007. 470 p.
39. Griffin R. Was Nazism Fascist? // Modern Historical Review, 5/1 (1993), Pp. 15-17.
40. Gurian W. Totalitarianism as Political Religion // Totalitarianism. Ed. by Carl J. Friedrich. New York., Grosset& Dunlap, 1964. 384 p.
41. Herbert U. Generation der Sachlichkeit: Die völkischeStudentenbewegung der frühenzwanziger Jahre in Deutschland // eds. Frank Bajohr F., Johe W. and Lohalm U. Zivilisation und Barbarei. Die widersprüchlichenPotentiale der Moderne. Hamburg 1991. 356 S.
42. Hewitt A. Fascist Modernism: Aesthetics, Politics, and the Avant-Garde. Stanford 1993. 222 p.
43. Imhoof D. Becoming a Nazi Town: Culture and Politics in Göttingen between the Wars. AnnArbor: University ofMichigan Press, 2013. 278 р.
44. Johnson E.A. Nazi terror. The Gestapo, Jews, and Ordinary Germans. New York, 1999. 636 p.
45. Kallis A. When Fascism Became Mainstream: The Challenge of Extremism in Times of Crisis // Fascism Journal of Comparative Fascist Studies. vol. 4, 2015, Issue 1. P. 1-24.
46. Kallis A. Fascist Ideology. Territory and Expansionism in Italy and Germany, 1922-1945. London and New York: Routledge, 2000. 304 р.
47. Kallis А. Genocide and Fascism. The Eliminationist Drive in Fascist Europe. New York, 2009. 414 р.
48. Kallis A. Fascism // Encyclopedia of Modern Europe. Europe Since 1914: Encyclopedia of the Age of War and Reconstruction / Merriman J., Winter J. (eds.). NY: Charles Scribner's Sons/Gale Thomson, 2006. Vol. 2. P. 1053-1065.
49. Kershaw I. Hitler and the Uniqueness of Nazism // Journal of Contemporary History Vol. 39(2). Р. 239-254.
50. Knox M. Common Destiny: Dictatorship, Foreign Policy, and War in Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany. Cambridge University Press, 2000. 262 p.
51. Lyttelton A. Rethinking the Nature of Fascism // Ed. By Costa Pinto A. London: Palgrave, 2011. 287 p.
52. The Oxford Handbook of Fascism // Ed. By R. J. Bosworth. Oxford University Press. 2010. 644 p.
53. Paxton, Robert O. 1998. The Five Stages of Fascism // Journal of Modern History 70, no. 1. P. 1-23.
54. Payne S. Fascism: Comparison and Definition. - Madison : University of Wisconsin Press, 1980. 234 p.
55. Payne S. Foreword // Rethinking the Nature of Fascism Comparative Perspectives Edited by António Costa Pinto Springer, 2010. 287 p.
56. Payne S. On the Heuristic Value of the Concept of Political Religion and its Application // Totalitarian Movements and Political Religions vol. 6, no. 2. P. 163-174.
57. Ponzio А. Shaping the New Man: Youth Training Regimes in Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 2017. 316 р.
58. Reichardt S. Fascist Marches in Italy and Germany: Squadre and SA before the Seizure of Power // The Street as Stage: Protest Marches and Public Rallies since the Nineteenth Century // Ed. By Matthias R.Oxford University Press, 2007. P. 169-189.
59. Sluga G. Fascism: History, Memory and Representation // Ed. By R.J. Bosworth, P. Dogliani. Palgrave Macmillan, 2016. 245 p.
60. Stone M.S. The Patron State. Culture and Politics in Fascist Italy. - Princeton, NJ 1998. 338 p.
61. The Historiography of the Holocaust // Ed. By D. Stone. Springer, 2004. 573 p.
62. The Nature of fascism: proceedings of a conference held by the Reading University Graduate School of Contemporary European Studies. Ed. by S. J. Woolf. London, Weidenfeld & Nicolson,1968. 261 p.
63. Tumblety J. Rethinking the Fascist Aesthetic: Mass Gymnastics, Political Spectacle and the Stadium in 1930s France // European History Quarterly, 2013, 43(4) pp. 707-730
64. Visualizing fascism // Ed.by J. Thomas. Durham, London, 2020. 337 p.
65. Voegelin E. Political Religions, translated by T. J. DiNapoli and Peter Emberley, edited by Barry Cooper. Lewistown, New York: Edwin Mellen Press, 1986. 150 р.
66. Zimmerman J.D. Jews in Italy under Fascist and Nazi Rule, 1922-1945 // Ed. by Zimmerman J.D. Cambridge 2005. 374 р.
Поступила в редакцию
2023-04-20
Опубликована 2023-10-30
Опубликована 2023-10-30