НЕМЕЦКИЕ ИСТОРИКИ-ЭМИГРАНТЫ И ИХ РОЛЬ В РАЗВИТИИ АМЕРИКАНСКОЙ ИСТОРИОГРАФИИ НАЦИОНАЛ-СОЦИАЛИЗМА В 1940-1960-е гг.
Ключевые слова:
историческая наука США, университеты, историки-эмигранты, изучение нацизма, «холодная война», западногерманские историки
Аннотация
Научная эмиграция из нацистской Германии в США является объектом пристального внимания специалистов, изучающих развитие исторической науки США, в частности такого направления, как изучение истории Германии. В США до второй половины ХХ в. изучению истории европейских стран не уделялось должного внимания, за исключением нескольких исследований по истории Великобритания и Франции. Историки-эмигранты изменили ситуацию. В статье анализируются политические взгляды немецких историков, прибывших в США, после прихода к власти нацистов. Немецкие историки-эмигранты поделены на две группы: эмигранты «первой волны», получившие историческое образование в Германии и уже преподававшие в университетах, и эмигранты «второй волны», приехавшие в США с родителями и получившие образование в США. Правительство США создало условия не только для их материального обеспечения, но и предоставило возможность для продолжения научной и педагогической деятельности. Основная тема исследований историков-эмигрантов - причины прихода нацистов к власти. Важнейшие направления исследований: преемственность исторического пути развития Германии, так называемый «особый путь», причины гибели Веймарской республики, роль крупной буржуазии и армейского руководства, интеллектуальной элиты Германии в приходе Гитлера к власти, интеллектуальные истоки нацизма, идеи «консервативной революции», массовая культура. Историки-эмигранты первыми обратились к изучению проблем Холокоста. Показано влияние холодной войны и доктрины тоталитаризма на изучение проблем нацизма. Затрагиваются вопросы взаимодействия историков-эмигрантов с историками ФРГ и их влияние на модернизацию исторической науки Западной Германии.
Литература
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4. Aschheim S. George Mosse at 80: A Critical Laudatio // Journal of Contemporary History. 1999. Vol. 34, no. 2. Р. 295-312.
5. Aschheim S.E. Culture and Catastrophe: German and Jewish Confrontations with National Socialism and Other Crises. New York: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1996. 210 р.
6. Aschheim S. Nazism, Normalcy and the German Sonderweg / Times of Crisis: Essays on European Culture, Germans, and Jews. Madison, 2001. Р. 276-292.
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11. Craig G. Review of S. William Halperin, Germany Tried Democracy // Journal of Modern History. 1964. Vol. 36, no. 1. P. 106-107.
12. Craig G. The Politics of the Prussian Army, 1640-1945. Oxford University Press, 1964. 560 p.
13. Daum A.W. Refugees from Nazi Germany as Historians. Origins and Migrations, Interests And Identities / A. Daum, H. Lehmann, J.J. Sheehan (eds.). The Second Generation. Emigres from Nazi Germany as Historians. New-York, 2016. 473 р.
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15. Epstein С. The second generation: Historians of modern Germany in postwar America. Lecture delivered at the GHI conference «THE second generation: German émigré historians in the Transatlantic world, 1945 to the present», May18, 2012. Bulletin of the GHI, 51. Fall 2012.
16. Epstein K. Review of Fritz Stern, The Politics of Cultural Despair: A Study in the Rise of the Germanic Ideology // American Historical Review. 1962. Vol. 67. P. 713.
17. Explorations in Crisis Papers on International History / L.W. Langer, C.E. Schorske, E. Schorske (Eds.) Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1969. 517 p.
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19. Ford F. The Twentieth of July in the History of the German Resistance» // American Historical Review. 1946. Vol. 51, no. 4. P. 609-626.
20. Friedrich C.J., Brzezinski Zb. Totalitarian dictatorship and autocracy. Cambridge (Mass.): Harvard university press, 1965. 438 p.
21. Gatzke H.W. Germany’s Drive to the West: A Study of Germany’s War Aims during the First World War. Baltimore, 1950. 316 p.
22. Gay P. The Party of Humanity: Essays in the French Enlightenment. New York: Alfred Knopf, 1964. 289 р.
23. Gay P. Weimar Culture: The Outsider as Insider. New York, 1966. 240 p.
24. Gilbert F. Review of Gerhard Ritter, Geschichte als Bildungsmacht. Ein Beitrag zur historischpolitischen Neubesinnun // American Historical Review. 1948. Vol. 53. P. 788.
25. Hale O.J. The Captive Press in the Third Reich. Princeton University Press, 1964. 368 p.
26. Halperin W. Germany Tried Democracy: a Political History of the Reich from 1918 to 1933. New York, 1946. 567 p.
27. Hayes C.J. The American Frontier-Frontier of What? // American Historical Review. 1945. Vol. 51. P. 199-216.
28. Hilberg R. The Destruction of the European Jews. Chicago: Quadrangle Books, 1961. 788 p.
29. Hoffman R.J. Review of S. William Halperin. Germany Tried Democracy // Political Science Quarterly. 1947. Vol. 62, no. 1. P. 128-130.
30. Holborn H. Germany and Europe: Historical essays. Doubleday, 1970. 327 p.
31. Holborn H. History of Modern Germany: The Reformation. New Work, 1964. 416 p.
32. Holborn H. Der deutsche Idealismus in sozialgeschichtlicher Beleuchtung // Historische Zeitschrift. 1952. Vol. 174. S. 359-384.
33. Iggers W., Iggers G. Two Lives in Uncertain Times: Facing the Challenges of the 20th Century as Scholars and Citizens. New York, 2006. 230 p.
34. Katz B. Foreign Intelligence: Research and Analysis in the Office of Strategic Services. Cambridge, MA, 1989. 268 p.
35. Kellermann H.J. Cultural Relations as an Instrument of U.S. Foreign Policy: the Educational Exchange Program Between the United States and Germany, 1945-1955. Washington, D.C., 1978. 289 p.
36. Kohn H. Communist and Fascist Dictatorship: A Comparative Study University of Minnesota Press, 1935. 160 p.
37. Kohn H. German History: Some New German Views. Boston: The Beacon Press, 1954. 224 p.
38. Kohn H. Nationalism, Its Meaning and History. Krieger, 1965. 191 p.
39. Krieger L., Stern F. Introduction. L. Krieger, F. Stern (eds.) // The Responsibility of power. Historical Essays in Honor of Hajo Holborn. New York, 1967. 464 p.
40. Krieger L. The German Idea of Freedom: History of a Political Tradition. Boston, 1957. 540 р.
41. Lamberti M. German Antifascist Refugees in America and the Public Debate on “What Should be Done with Germany after Hitler?” 1941-1945 // Central European History. 2007. Vol. 40. P. 279-305.
42. Leeman M.M. Transatlantic Enlightenment: Peter Gay and the drama of German history in the United States, 1930s - 1970s Universiteit van Amsterdam, 2017. 307 р.
43. Leeman M. The transatlantic reconstruction of «western» culture: George Mosse, P. Gay, and the Development of the German tradition of Geistesgeschichte More Atlantic Crossings? // European Voices and the Postwar Atlantic Community Bulletin Supplement. 2014. Vol. 10. P. 139-159.
44. Lehmann H. Hans Rogger as a Second Generation Refugee Historian // Jewish Social Studies. 2004. Vol. 11. Р. 25-31.
45. Lilge F. The Abuse of Learning: The Failure of the German University. New York: The Macmillan Company, 1948. 184 р.
46. Loewenderg P. The psychohistorical origins of the Nazi Germany youth cohort // American Historical Review. 1971. Vol. 76, no. 5. P. 1457-1502.
47. Mann E., Mann K. The Other Germany. New York: Modern Age Books, 1940. 318 p.
48. Martin J.S. The story of the men on both sides of the Atlantic who successfully thwarted plans to dismantle the Nazi cartel system. Boston, Little Brown and Company, 1950. 368 p.
49. McGovern W. M. From Luther to Hitler. The History of Fascist-Nazi Political Philosophy. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1941. 683 p.
50. Meinecke F. The German Catastrophe: Reflections and Recollections. Cambridge, MA, 1950. 121 p.
51. Meyer A. The comparative study of Communist political system // Slavic review. 1967. No. 1. P. 3-12.
52. Miller F.T. History of World War II. Universal Book and Bible Hous, 1945. 966 p.
53. Molho A. Wood G.S. Imagined Histories: American historians Interpret the Past. Princeton University Press, 1998. 512 p.
54. Mosse G.L. European Culture 1600 to 1800: lectures, undated (probably late 1950s), George L. Mosse Collection; AR 25137; box 19; folder 41; Leo Baeck Institute, qtd. in Plessini, Perils of Normalcy, 72.
55. Mosse G.L. Nazism. A Historical and Comparative Analysis of National Socialism: An Interview with Michael A. Ledeen. Oxford : Basil Blackwell, 1978. 108 р.
56. Mosse G.L. The Crisis of German Ideology: Intellectual Origins of the Third Reich. New York. Grosset and Dunlap. 1964. 373 p.
57. Mosse G.L. The Fascist Revolution: Toward a General Theory of Fascism. Howard Fertig, 1999. 230 p.
58. Mosse G.L. The Nationalization of the Masses: Political Symbolism and Mass Movements in Germany from the Napoleonic Wars through the Third Reich. New York: Howard Fertig, 1975. 252 p.
59. Niall F. Kissinger Henry. 1923-1968: The Idealist. New York, 2015. 1008 р.
60. Patner A. Karl Joachim Weintraub - Teacher of Culture and Cultural Historian - 1924-2000. URL: http://www-news.uchicago.edu/ releases/04/040421.weintraub-patner.shtml.
61. Read C. The social responsibilities of the historian // American historical review. 1950. No. 2. Р. 275-285.
62. Pflanze O. Bismarck and German Nationalism // American Historical Review. 1955. Vol. 60. P. 548-566.
63. Pflanze O. The Americanization of Hajo Holborn. In An Interrupted Past: German Speaking Refugee Historians in the United States after 1933 / H. Lehmann, J. Sheehan (eds). Cambridge, UK, 1991. P. 170-179.
64. Pflanze O. Toward a psychoanalytic interpretation of Bismark // American Historical Review. 1972. Vol. 77, no. 2. P. 419-444.
65. Rosenberg H. Bureaucracy, Aristocracy and Autocracy: The Prussian Experience 1660-1815. Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 1958. 266 p.
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67. Rothfels H. The German Opposition to Hitler: An Appraisal. Hinsdale, Illinois: Henry Regnery Company, 1948. 172 р.
68. Schorske C.E. Fin-de-Siecle Vienna: Politics and Culture. Cambridge, 1961. 432 p.
69. Schorske C.E. Weimar and the Intellectuals // The New-York Review of Books, 7 May 1970.
70. Schweitzer A. Big business and private property under the Nazis // The Journal of business of the university of Chicago. 1946. Vol. 19, no. 1. Р. 99-126.
71. Schweitzer A. Big Business in the Third Reich, Bloomington, Indiana University Press, 1964. 739 p.
72. Shanahan W.О. Prussian Military Reforms 1786-1813. New York: Columbia University Press, 1945. 270 p.
73. Shannon Ch. A World Made Safe for Differences. New York, Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2001. 155 p.
74. Simon W.B. The Failure of the Prussian Reform Movement, 1807-1819. Ithaca, NY, Cornell University Press, 1955. 272 p.
75. Smith L.S. The Expert's Historian: Otto Hintze and the Nature of Modern Historical Thought Wipf and Stock Publishers, 2017. 132 p.
76. Snyder L.L. Hitler and Nazism. NY: F. Watts, 1961. 151 p.
77. Snyder L.L. Review of Meineсke Katastrophe // Annals the American Academy of Historical and Social Studies. 1950. No. 271.
78. Sorkin D. Historian of Fate: Fritz Stern on the History of German Jewry: An Appreciation / M.F. Deshmukh, J.Z. Muller (eds.). Fritz Stern at Seventy. Washington D.C., 1997. 94 р.
79. Stelzel P. History after Hitler: A Transatlantic Enterprise. Intellectual History of the Modern Age Series of University of Pennsylvania Press, 2018. 248 p.
80. Stern F. German History in America, 1884-1984 // Central European History. 1986. Vol. 19, no. 2. Р. 131-163.
81. Stern F. The Politics of Cultural Despair: A Study in the Rise of the Germanic Ideology. Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1961. 367 р.
82. Suri J. Henri Kissinger and the American Century. Belknap Press: An Imprint of Harvard University Press. 2009. 368 p.
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Поступила в редакцию
2019-11-15
Опубликована 2019-12-25
Опубликована 2019-12-25