БЫТЬ НЕБЕЛЫМ ИРЛАНДЦЕМ? РАСИЗМ В СОВРЕМЕННОЙ ИРЛАНДИИ
Ключевые слова:
Ирландия, иммиграция, расизм, национальная идентичность, ирландские путешественники
Аннотация
В статье предпринята попытка выявить особенности распространения расистских взглядов и настроений в Ирландии конца XX - начала XXI веков. Автор обращает внимание на специфику миграционных потоков в стране, которая долгое время была регионом активной эмиграции, что обусловливает не очень активное распространение расизма вплоть до последнего времени, за исключением политики в отношении ирландских путешественников. На основе статистики, материалов ирландских средств массовой иммиграции и блогов, а также материалов антирасистских организаций демонстрируются различные механизмы расиализации мигрантов в современной Ирландии и делается вывод о значимой роли государства в утверждении whiteness как важной части ирландской идентичности и одновременно о маргинальности откровенно расистских взглядов в современной ирландской повестке.
Литература
1. Энгельс Ф. Заметка для предисловия к сборнику ирландских песен. URL: https://fil.wikireading.ru/32258 (дата обращения: 10.06.2020).
2. 2011 Census analysis: Ethnicity and religion of the non-UK born population in England and Wales: 2011. URL: https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/culturalidentity/ethnicity/articles/2011c ensusanalysisethni cityandreligionofthenonukbornpopulationinenglandandwales/2015-06-18 (дата обращения: 10.06.2020).
3. Agerholm H. British peer calls Irish PM Leo Varadkar a 'typical Indian' in 'racist' tweet // The Independent. 2018. May, 1. URL: https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/leo- varadkar-lord-kilclooney-racist-typical-indian-ulster-unionist-party-northern-ireland- a8330436.html (дата обращения: 10.06.2020).
4. Bielenberg K. 'I'm afraid now. I believe it could happen here' - do white supremacists pose a threat in Ireland? // The Independent. 2019. August, 10. URL: https://www.independent.ie/irish- news/im-afraid-now-i-believe-it-could-happen-here-do-white-supremacists-pose-a-threat-in- ireland-38387604.html (дата обращения: 10.06.2020).
5. Carr J. Experiences of anti-Muslim racism in Ireland. URL: https://ulsites.ul.ie/hhrg/sites/default/ files/Experiences %20of %20Anti-Muslim %20Racism %20in %20Ireland.pdf (дата обращения: 10.06.2020).
6. Census 2016 - Non-Irish Nationalities Living in Ireland. URL: https://www.cso.ie/en/releasesandpublications/ep/p-cpnin/cpnin/introduction/ (дата обращения: 10.06.2020).
7. Census of Population 2016 - Profile 8 Irish Travellers, Ethnicity and Religion. URL: https://www.cso.ie/en/ releasesandpublications/ep/p-cp8iter/p8iter/p8e/ (дата обращения: 10.06.2020).
8. Dabiri E. I’m Irish but I’m not white. Why is that still a problem as we celebrate the Easter Rising? URL: https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2016/mar/29/irish-white-easter- rising-ireland-racism (дата обращения: 10.06.2020).
9. First public meeting of Oireachtas Joint Committee on Key Issues Affecting the Traveller Community. URL: https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/press-centre/press-releases/20190923-first- public-meeting-of-oireachtas-joint-committee- on-key-issues-affecting-the-traveller-community/ (дата обращения: 10.06.2020).
10. Gemma O'Doherty Twitter account. URL: https://twitter.com/gemmaod1/ status/1133052791990235137 (дата обращения: 10.06.2020).
11. Ignatiev N. How the Irish Became White. New York and London, Routledge, 1995.
12. Ireland Population (LIVE). URL: https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/ireland-population/ (дата обращения: 10.06.2020).
13. Ireland Immigration Statistics 1960-2020. URL: https://www.macrotrends.net/countries/IRL/ireland/immigration-statistics (дата обращения: 10.06.2020).
14. Irish Nationality and Citizenship (Naturalisation of Minors Born in Ireland) Bill 2018: Second Stage. URL: https://www.oireachtas.ie/ga/debates/debate/seanad/2018-11-21/21/ (дата обращения: 10.06.2020).
15. Kelly M., Fotheringham A.S. The online atlas of Irish population change 1841-2002: A new resource for analysing national trends and local variations in Irish population dynamics // Irish Geography. 2011. No. 44:2-3.
16. Leahy P., McDonagh M., Gallagher C. Political leaders condemn apparent arson attack on Sinn Féin TD’s car // The Irish Times. 2019. October, 29. URL: https://www.irishtimes.com/news/politics/political-leaders-condemn-apparent-arson-attack-on- sinn-féin-td-s-car-1.4065195 (дата обращения: 10.06.2020).
17. Lentin R. Ireland: Racial state and crisis racism // Ethnic and Racial Studies. 2007. No. 4. P. 610-627.
18. Loughlin E., McConnell D. Peter Casey refuses to back down over Traveller comments. https://www.irishexaminer.com/ breakingnews/ireland/peter-casey-refuses-to-back-down-over-traveller-comments-876533.html (дата обращения: 10.06.2020).
19. Mcginnity F., O’Connell Ph. J., Quinn E., Williams J. Migrants’ Experience of racism and discrimination in Ireland. The Economic and Social Research Institute, 2006. URL: https://emn.ie/files/p_20100827104055 Frances %20 McGinnity- %20Migrants %20experience %20of %20racism %20and %20discrimination %20in %20Ireland.pdf (дата обращения: 10.06.2020).
20. MDE Ireland: Data Brief No 4 November 2019. URL: https://www.ucc.ie/en/media/research/nationalperinatal epidemiologycentre/MDEDataBriefNo4D ecember2019.pdf (дата обращения: 10.06.2020).
21. Michael L. Reports of racism in Ireland. URL: https://inar.ie/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/2019_iReport_Final.pdf (дата обращения: 10.06.2020).
22. Miller K.A. Emigrants and Exiles: Ireland and the Irish Exodus to North America. New York: Oxford University Press, 1988.
23. Minister of State Stanton Welcomes Ireland’s Results in Special Eurobarometer on Immigrant Integration. URL: http://www.inis.gov.ie/en/INIS/Pages/ireland-scores-highly-on-attitudes-towards-immigrant-integration (дата обращения: 10.06.2020).
24. New Geographies of Race and Racism / ed. by C. Dwyer, C. Bressey. P. Aldershot: Ashgate, 2008.
25. Parents horrified over picture of Irish schoolchildren on white supremacist site. URL: https://www.breakingnews.ie/ ireland/parents-horrified-over-picture-of-irish-schoolchildren-on-white-supremacist-site-928695.html (дата обращения: 10.06.2020).
26. Population change and historical perspective. URL: https://www.cso.ie/en/media/csoie/releasespublications/documents/ population/2017/Chapter_1_ Population_change_and_historical_perspective.pdf (дата обращения: 10.06.2020).
27. Resituating Culture / Ed. by G. Titley. Strasbourg: Council of Europe, 2004.
28. Spain J. Racist Irish Traveller comments have heated up dull Irish presidential campaign // IrishCentral. 20198. October, 24. URL: https://www.irishcentral.com/news/irishvoice/racist- irish-traveller-irish-presidential-campaign (дата обращения: 10.06.2020).
29. The Migrant Integration Strategy. URL: http://www.integration.ie/en/isec/pages/migrant_integration_strategy (дата обращения: 10.06.2020).
30. U.S. Census Bureau Releases Key Statistics for St. Patrick's Day and Irish-American Heritage Month. URL: https://www.commerce.gov/news/blog/2017/03/us-census-bureau-releases-key-statistics-st-patricks-day-and-irish-american (дата обращения: 10.06.2020).
31. Varadkar says he is 'thankful' he hasn't had much experiences of homophobia or racism // The Journal. 2019. December, 22. URL: https://www.thejournal.ie/leo-varadkar-homophobia-racism- 4945207-Dec2019/ (дата обращения: 10.06.2020).
32. White T. J. Redefining Ethnically Derived Conceptions of Nationalism: Ireland’s Celtic Identity and the Future // Studia Celtica Fennica. 2008. No. 5. P. 83-96.
33. Xavier J. Migrant women and racism in Ireland. URL: https://inar.ie/migrant-women-and- racism-in-ireland/ (дата обращения: 10.06.2020).
2. 2011 Census analysis: Ethnicity and religion of the non-UK born population in England and Wales: 2011. URL: https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/culturalidentity/ethnicity/articles/2011c ensusanalysisethni cityandreligionofthenonukbornpopulationinenglandandwales/2015-06-18 (дата обращения: 10.06.2020).
3. Agerholm H. British peer calls Irish PM Leo Varadkar a 'typical Indian' in 'racist' tweet // The Independent. 2018. May, 1. URL: https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/leo- varadkar-lord-kilclooney-racist-typical-indian-ulster-unionist-party-northern-ireland- a8330436.html (дата обращения: 10.06.2020).
4. Bielenberg K. 'I'm afraid now. I believe it could happen here' - do white supremacists pose a threat in Ireland? // The Independent. 2019. August, 10. URL: https://www.independent.ie/irish- news/im-afraid-now-i-believe-it-could-happen-here-do-white-supremacists-pose-a-threat-in- ireland-38387604.html (дата обращения: 10.06.2020).
5. Carr J. Experiences of anti-Muslim racism in Ireland. URL: https://ulsites.ul.ie/hhrg/sites/default/ files/Experiences %20of %20Anti-Muslim %20Racism %20in %20Ireland.pdf (дата обращения: 10.06.2020).
6. Census 2016 - Non-Irish Nationalities Living in Ireland. URL: https://www.cso.ie/en/releasesandpublications/ep/p-cpnin/cpnin/introduction/ (дата обращения: 10.06.2020).
7. Census of Population 2016 - Profile 8 Irish Travellers, Ethnicity and Religion. URL: https://www.cso.ie/en/ releasesandpublications/ep/p-cp8iter/p8iter/p8e/ (дата обращения: 10.06.2020).
8. Dabiri E. I’m Irish but I’m not white. Why is that still a problem as we celebrate the Easter Rising? URL: https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2016/mar/29/irish-white-easter- rising-ireland-racism (дата обращения: 10.06.2020).
9. First public meeting of Oireachtas Joint Committee on Key Issues Affecting the Traveller Community. URL: https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/press-centre/press-releases/20190923-first- public-meeting-of-oireachtas-joint-committee- on-key-issues-affecting-the-traveller-community/ (дата обращения: 10.06.2020).
10. Gemma O'Doherty Twitter account. URL: https://twitter.com/gemmaod1/ status/1133052791990235137 (дата обращения: 10.06.2020).
11. Ignatiev N. How the Irish Became White. New York and London, Routledge, 1995.
12. Ireland Population (LIVE). URL: https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/ireland-population/ (дата обращения: 10.06.2020).
13. Ireland Immigration Statistics 1960-2020. URL: https://www.macrotrends.net/countries/IRL/ireland/immigration-statistics (дата обращения: 10.06.2020).
14. Irish Nationality and Citizenship (Naturalisation of Minors Born in Ireland) Bill 2018: Second Stage. URL: https://www.oireachtas.ie/ga/debates/debate/seanad/2018-11-21/21/ (дата обращения: 10.06.2020).
15. Kelly M., Fotheringham A.S. The online atlas of Irish population change 1841-2002: A new resource for analysing national trends and local variations in Irish population dynamics // Irish Geography. 2011. No. 44:2-3.
16. Leahy P., McDonagh M., Gallagher C. Political leaders condemn apparent arson attack on Sinn Féin TD’s car // The Irish Times. 2019. October, 29. URL: https://www.irishtimes.com/news/politics/political-leaders-condemn-apparent-arson-attack-on- sinn-féin-td-s-car-1.4065195 (дата обращения: 10.06.2020).
17. Lentin R. Ireland: Racial state and crisis racism // Ethnic and Racial Studies. 2007. No. 4. P. 610-627.
18. Loughlin E., McConnell D. Peter Casey refuses to back down over Traveller comments. https://www.irishexaminer.com/ breakingnews/ireland/peter-casey-refuses-to-back-down-over-traveller-comments-876533.html (дата обращения: 10.06.2020).
19. Mcginnity F., O’Connell Ph. J., Quinn E., Williams J. Migrants’ Experience of racism and discrimination in Ireland. The Economic and Social Research Institute, 2006. URL: https://emn.ie/files/p_20100827104055 Frances %20 McGinnity- %20Migrants %20experience %20of %20racism %20and %20discrimination %20in %20Ireland.pdf (дата обращения: 10.06.2020).
20. MDE Ireland: Data Brief No 4 November 2019. URL: https://www.ucc.ie/en/media/research/nationalperinatal epidemiologycentre/MDEDataBriefNo4D ecember2019.pdf (дата обращения: 10.06.2020).
21. Michael L. Reports of racism in Ireland. URL: https://inar.ie/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/2019_iReport_Final.pdf (дата обращения: 10.06.2020).
22. Miller K.A. Emigrants and Exiles: Ireland and the Irish Exodus to North America. New York: Oxford University Press, 1988.
23. Minister of State Stanton Welcomes Ireland’s Results in Special Eurobarometer on Immigrant Integration. URL: http://www.inis.gov.ie/en/INIS/Pages/ireland-scores-highly-on-attitudes-towards-immigrant-integration (дата обращения: 10.06.2020).
24. New Geographies of Race and Racism / ed. by C. Dwyer, C. Bressey. P. Aldershot: Ashgate, 2008.
25. Parents horrified over picture of Irish schoolchildren on white supremacist site. URL: https://www.breakingnews.ie/ ireland/parents-horrified-over-picture-of-irish-schoolchildren-on-white-supremacist-site-928695.html (дата обращения: 10.06.2020).
26. Population change and historical perspective. URL: https://www.cso.ie/en/media/csoie/releasespublications/documents/ population/2017/Chapter_1_ Population_change_and_historical_perspective.pdf (дата обращения: 10.06.2020).
27. Resituating Culture / Ed. by G. Titley. Strasbourg: Council of Europe, 2004.
28. Spain J. Racist Irish Traveller comments have heated up dull Irish presidential campaign // IrishCentral. 20198. October, 24. URL: https://www.irishcentral.com/news/irishvoice/racist- irish-traveller-irish-presidential-campaign (дата обращения: 10.06.2020).
29. The Migrant Integration Strategy. URL: http://www.integration.ie/en/isec/pages/migrant_integration_strategy (дата обращения: 10.06.2020).
30. U.S. Census Bureau Releases Key Statistics for St. Patrick's Day and Irish-American Heritage Month. URL: https://www.commerce.gov/news/blog/2017/03/us-census-bureau-releases-key-statistics-st-patricks-day-and-irish-american (дата обращения: 10.06.2020).
31. Varadkar says he is 'thankful' he hasn't had much experiences of homophobia or racism // The Journal. 2019. December, 22. URL: https://www.thejournal.ie/leo-varadkar-homophobia-racism- 4945207-Dec2019/ (дата обращения: 10.06.2020).
32. White T. J. Redefining Ethnically Derived Conceptions of Nationalism: Ireland’s Celtic Identity and the Future // Studia Celtica Fennica. 2008. No. 5. P. 83-96.
33. Xavier J. Migrant women and racism in Ireland. URL: https://inar.ie/migrant-women-and- racism-in-ireland/ (дата обращения: 10.06.2020).
Поступила в редакцию
2020-10-12
Опубликована 2020-12-28
Опубликована 2020-12-28