ПРОБЛЕМЫ ФАШИЗМА В РАБОТАХ АМЕРИКАНСКОГО ИСТОРИКА ДЖОРДЖА МОССЕ (1918-1999 гг.)
Ключевые слова:
нацизм, фашизм, идеология, революция, светская религия, эстетика фашизма, национализм, новый человек, «третий путь», литургия
Аннотация
Исследуются оценки фашизма, представленные в работах известного американского историка Дж. Моссе. Дж. Моссе одним из первых стал рассматривать фашизм как общеевропейское явление, подчеркивая как разнообразие, так и сходство различных фашистских движений. Среди общих черт, которые должны рассматриваться в национальных контекстах он выделял: концепцию «духовной революции», националистическую или расистскую мистику, поиск «третьего пути», революционный динамизм и проблему «укрощения революции», миф о новом человеке, слияние буржуазной морали и респектабельности с этикой фашизма, представленной воинственными и традиционалистскими моделями мужественных мужчин. Дж. Моссе одним из первых обратился к антропологии, чтобы реконструировать систему убеждений людей, живших в конце XIX и начале XX вв., чтобы объяснить как Третий рейх смог стать политической реальностью. Большое внимание Дж. Моссе уделяет идеологическому фактору, рассматривая предпосылки фашизма, в то время, когда фашистская идеология воспринималась историками как полная бессмыслица. Дж. Моссе характеризует фашизм как светскую религию и обращается к изучению «литургических элементов» фашизма, символов и мифов, как средствам позволяющим понять, как современные массовые движения получали народную поддержку. Его многочисленные публикации способствовали смене парадигмы в фашистских исследованиях. В этом смысле он предвосхитил культурную направленность исследований более поздних авторов, таких известных историков фашизма как С. Пейн, Р. Гриффин и Э. Джентиле.
Литература
1. Always an Emigrant: Conversations with George L. Mosse.Interview by Uwe Stelbrink, 1990-1991. Trans. James Keller. Collection of John Tortorice, George L. Mosse Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison. 1998. 58 р.
2. Aschheim, S.E. Culture and Catastrophe: German and Jewish Confrontations with National Socialism and Other Crises. New York, 1996. 288 p.
3. Bates T. A True Story of the End of the Sixties. HarperCollins. 1993. 496 p.
4. Bosworth, R. J. B. The Italian Dictatorship: Problems and Perspectives in the Interpretation of Mussolini and Fascism. London: Arnold, 1998. 288 р.
5. Burke P. Cultural History, Ritual and Performance: George L. Mosse in Context // Journal of Contemporary History. 2020. No. 56 (4). Р. 1-14.
6. Corsten A. George Mosse and the «Quest for German National Identity» // Journal of the history of Ideas. September, 2020.
7. De Felice R. Lo storico e il personaggio, Laterza, Roma-Bari, 2003. 165 p.
8. Gentile E. «Renzo e George, anti-antifascisti». Il Sole 24 Ore, 14 May 2006.
9. Gentile E. Fascismo: Storia e Interpretazione. Roma: Bari, 2003. 338 p.
10. George Mosse and Political Symbolism/ Political Symbolism in Modern Europe. Essays in Honor of George L. Mosse, Seymour Drescher, David Sabean, Allan Sharlin (ed. by), Transaction Books, New Brunswick, 1982, 310 p.
11. Herf J. The Historian as Provocateur: George Mosse’s Accomplishment and Legacy, Yad Vashem Studies, Vol. 29, 2001. Рр.7-27.
12. Hitler, A. Mein Kampf. Chapter 11: Nation and Race. Publisher: Mariner Books, Language: English, 1996. 720 p.
13. Hobsbawm E. Mass-Producing Traditions: Europe, 1870-1914/ Hobsbawm E. and Ranger T. (eds), The Invention of Tradition (Cambridge 1983). 320 р.
14. Leeman M. The transatlantic reconstraction of “Western” culture: George Mosse, Peter Gay, and the development of the German tradition of Geistesgeschichte// German Historical Institute Washington Bulletin, Supplements Bd. 10 (2014) Рр.139-159.
15. Mosse G.L. History, Anthropology, and Mass Movements// American Historical Review 75, no. 2 1969. Рр. 447-452.
16. Mosse G.L. Albert Speer’s Hitler, Spandau: The Secret Diaries// Quadrant 20, no. 10 (1976). Рр.53-55.
17. Mosse G.L. Conservatism. The Intellectual Foundations of National Socialism. Seminar held at Stanford University, European Studies Seminar Center, autumn 1963, conducted by George Mosse. Stanford, Calif.: N.p., 1964.
18. Mosse G.L. Culture, Civilization, and German Anti-Semitism// Judaism 3, 1958. Рp. 256-67.
19. Mosse G.L. E. Nolte on Three Faces of Fascism// Journal of the History of Ideas 4, 1966. Рр. 621-25.
20. Mosse G.L. Europe and the Modern World - Final Lecture, undated, George L. Mosse Collection; AR 25137; box 19; folder 33; Leo Baeck Institute. 310 p.
21. Mosse G.L. Fascist Aesthetics and Society: Some Considerations// Journal of Contemporary History, Vol. 31, No. 2, 1996. Рp. 245-252.
22. Mosse G.L. Germans and Jews: The Right, the Left, and the Search for a "Third Force" in Pre-Nazi Germany. New York: Howard Fertig, 1970. 260 р.
23. Mosse G.L. Ich bleibe Emigrant: Gespräche mit George L. Mosse, Dietz, Berlin, 1991. 121 p. op. cit., 77
24. Mosse G.L. Masses and Man. Nationalist and Fascist Perceptions of Reality. Detroit: Wayne State, 1987. 376 р.
25. Mosse G.L. Nazi Culture.Intellectual, Cultural, and Social Life in the Third Reich Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1978. 448 р.
26. Mosse G.L. Nazism. A Historical and Comparative Analysis of National Socialism: An Interview with Michael A. Ledeen. New Brunswick, 1978. 134 p.
27. Mosse G.L. The Crisis of German Ideology: intellectual origins of the Third Reich. New York: Shocken, 1964. 388 р.
28. Mosse G.L. The Fascist Revolution. Toward a General Theory of Fascism. New York: Howard Fertig, 1999. 230 р.
29. Mosse G.L. The Genesis of Fascism//Journal of Contemporary History. Vol. 1 Number 1, 1966. Рр.14-26.
30. Mosse G.L. The Image of Man: Creating Modern Masculinity. New York: Oxford UP, 1996. 240 р.
31. Mosse G.L. The Image of the Jew in German Popular Culture: Felix Dahn and Gustav Freytag// Leo Baeck Institute Year Book 2 (London: Secker & Warburg, 1957). Рр. 218-27.
32. Mosse G.L. The Pragmatism of the Freshman History Course// Social Studies, 8 (December). 1957. Рр. 289-92.
33. Mosse G.L. The Reformation, 3rd ed. Hinsdale, Ill.: Dryden Press, 1963. 136 р.
34. Mosse G.L. Toward the Final Solution. A History of European Racism. New York: Howard Fertig, 1997. 297 р.
35. Mosse G.L. Fallen Soldiers: Reshaping the Memory of the World Wars. New York: Oxford University, 1990. 264 р.
36. Mosse G.L. The Nationalization of the Masses: Political Symbolism and Mass Movements in Germany from the Napoleonic Wars through the Third Reich. New York: Howard Fertig. 1975. 252 р.
37. Mosse G.L. Calvinism: Authoritarian or Democratic? New York: Rinehart, 1957. 32 p.
38. Mosse G.L. Confronting History. A Memoir, The University of Wisconsin Press, Madison, 2000. 219 р.
39. Mosse G.L. Europe and the Modern World - Final Lecture, undated, George L. Mosse Collection; AR 25137; box 19; folder 33; Leo Baeck Institute.
40. Mosse G.L. The Image of the Jew in German Popular Culture: Felix Dahn and Gustav Freytag. Leo Baeck Institute Year Book 2. London: Secker & Warburg, 1957. 218-27
41. Mosse G.L. Mass Politics and the Political Liturgy of Nationalism. In Nationalism: The Nature and Evolution of an Idea, ed. Eugene Kamenka, 38-54. Canberra: Australian National University Press, 1973.
42. Mosse G.L. The Crisis of German Ideology: Intellectual Origins of the Third Reich (New York: Schocken Books, Inc., 1981. 373 р.
43. Mosse G.L. The Culture of Western Europe. The Nineteenth And Twentieth Centuries. John Murray, London. 1963. 438 p.
44. Mosse G.L. The Fascist Revolution: Toward a General Theory of Fascism, New York 1999, pp. 1-45.
45. Mosse G.L. The Poet and the Exercise of Political Power: Gabriele D’Annunzio.” Yearbook of Comparative and General Literature 22. 1973. Рр. 32-41.
46. Payne S. A History of Fascism 1914-1945, London, UCL Press, 1995. 613 р.
47. Plessini K. The Perils of Normalcy: George L. Mosse and the Remaking of Cultural History. Madison, University of Wisconsin Press, 2014. 284 p.
48. Rabinbach A. George L. Mosse 1919-1999: An Appreciation// Central European History, vol. 32, no. 3, 1999. Рр. 331-336.
49. Sabean D.W. George Mosse and The Holy Pretence/ What History Tells: George L. Mosse and the Culture of Modern Europe. Ed. by Stanley G. Payne, David J. Sorkin, John S. Tortorice University of Wisconsin Press; 2003. Р. 15-24.
50. Schwarz G. Theodor Wolff und das «Berliner Tageblatt». Eine liberale Stimme in der deutschen Politik 1906-1933, Mohr, Tuebingen, 1968. 311 р.
51. What History Tells: George L. Mosse and the Culture of Modern Europe. Ed. by Stanley G. Payne, David J. Sorkin, John S. Tortorice University of Wisconsin Press; 2003. 292 p.
2. Aschheim, S.E. Culture and Catastrophe: German and Jewish Confrontations with National Socialism and Other Crises. New York, 1996. 288 p.
3. Bates T. A True Story of the End of the Sixties. HarperCollins. 1993. 496 p.
4. Bosworth, R. J. B. The Italian Dictatorship: Problems and Perspectives in the Interpretation of Mussolini and Fascism. London: Arnold, 1998. 288 р.
5. Burke P. Cultural History, Ritual and Performance: George L. Mosse in Context // Journal of Contemporary History. 2020. No. 56 (4). Р. 1-14.
6. Corsten A. George Mosse and the «Quest for German National Identity» // Journal of the history of Ideas. September, 2020.
7. De Felice R. Lo storico e il personaggio, Laterza, Roma-Bari, 2003. 165 p.
8. Gentile E. «Renzo e George, anti-antifascisti». Il Sole 24 Ore, 14 May 2006.
9. Gentile E. Fascismo: Storia e Interpretazione. Roma: Bari, 2003. 338 p.
10. George Mosse and Political Symbolism/ Political Symbolism in Modern Europe. Essays in Honor of George L. Mosse, Seymour Drescher, David Sabean, Allan Sharlin (ed. by), Transaction Books, New Brunswick, 1982, 310 p.
11. Herf J. The Historian as Provocateur: George Mosse’s Accomplishment and Legacy, Yad Vashem Studies, Vol. 29, 2001. Рр.7-27.
12. Hitler, A. Mein Kampf. Chapter 11: Nation and Race. Publisher: Mariner Books, Language: English, 1996. 720 p.
13. Hobsbawm E. Mass-Producing Traditions: Europe, 1870-1914/ Hobsbawm E. and Ranger T. (eds), The Invention of Tradition (Cambridge 1983). 320 р.
14. Leeman M. The transatlantic reconstraction of “Western” culture: George Mosse, Peter Gay, and the development of the German tradition of Geistesgeschichte// German Historical Institute Washington Bulletin, Supplements Bd. 10 (2014) Рр.139-159.
15. Mosse G.L. History, Anthropology, and Mass Movements// American Historical Review 75, no. 2 1969. Рр. 447-452.
16. Mosse G.L. Albert Speer’s Hitler, Spandau: The Secret Diaries// Quadrant 20, no. 10 (1976). Рр.53-55.
17. Mosse G.L. Conservatism. The Intellectual Foundations of National Socialism. Seminar held at Stanford University, European Studies Seminar Center, autumn 1963, conducted by George Mosse. Stanford, Calif.: N.p., 1964.
18. Mosse G.L. Culture, Civilization, and German Anti-Semitism// Judaism 3, 1958. Рp. 256-67.
19. Mosse G.L. E. Nolte on Three Faces of Fascism// Journal of the History of Ideas 4, 1966. Рр. 621-25.
20. Mosse G.L. Europe and the Modern World - Final Lecture, undated, George L. Mosse Collection; AR 25137; box 19; folder 33; Leo Baeck Institute. 310 p.
21. Mosse G.L. Fascist Aesthetics and Society: Some Considerations// Journal of Contemporary History, Vol. 31, No. 2, 1996. Рp. 245-252.
22. Mosse G.L. Germans and Jews: The Right, the Left, and the Search for a "Third Force" in Pre-Nazi Germany. New York: Howard Fertig, 1970. 260 р.
23. Mosse G.L. Ich bleibe Emigrant: Gespräche mit George L. Mosse, Dietz, Berlin, 1991. 121 p. op. cit., 77
24. Mosse G.L. Masses and Man. Nationalist and Fascist Perceptions of Reality. Detroit: Wayne State, 1987. 376 р.
25. Mosse G.L. Nazi Culture.Intellectual, Cultural, and Social Life in the Third Reich Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1978. 448 р.
26. Mosse G.L. Nazism. A Historical and Comparative Analysis of National Socialism: An Interview with Michael A. Ledeen. New Brunswick, 1978. 134 p.
27. Mosse G.L. The Crisis of German Ideology: intellectual origins of the Third Reich. New York: Shocken, 1964. 388 р.
28. Mosse G.L. The Fascist Revolution. Toward a General Theory of Fascism. New York: Howard Fertig, 1999. 230 р.
29. Mosse G.L. The Genesis of Fascism//Journal of Contemporary History. Vol. 1 Number 1, 1966. Рр.14-26.
30. Mosse G.L. The Image of Man: Creating Modern Masculinity. New York: Oxford UP, 1996. 240 р.
31. Mosse G.L. The Image of the Jew in German Popular Culture: Felix Dahn and Gustav Freytag// Leo Baeck Institute Year Book 2 (London: Secker & Warburg, 1957). Рр. 218-27.
32. Mosse G.L. The Pragmatism of the Freshman History Course// Social Studies, 8 (December). 1957. Рр. 289-92.
33. Mosse G.L. The Reformation, 3rd ed. Hinsdale, Ill.: Dryden Press, 1963. 136 р.
34. Mosse G.L. Toward the Final Solution. A History of European Racism. New York: Howard Fertig, 1997. 297 р.
35. Mosse G.L. Fallen Soldiers: Reshaping the Memory of the World Wars. New York: Oxford University, 1990. 264 р.
36. Mosse G.L. The Nationalization of the Masses: Political Symbolism and Mass Movements in Germany from the Napoleonic Wars through the Third Reich. New York: Howard Fertig. 1975. 252 р.
37. Mosse G.L. Calvinism: Authoritarian or Democratic? New York: Rinehart, 1957. 32 p.
38. Mosse G.L. Confronting History. A Memoir, The University of Wisconsin Press, Madison, 2000. 219 р.
39. Mosse G.L. Europe and the Modern World - Final Lecture, undated, George L. Mosse Collection; AR 25137; box 19; folder 33; Leo Baeck Institute.
40. Mosse G.L. The Image of the Jew in German Popular Culture: Felix Dahn and Gustav Freytag. Leo Baeck Institute Year Book 2. London: Secker & Warburg, 1957. 218-27
41. Mosse G.L. Mass Politics and the Political Liturgy of Nationalism. In Nationalism: The Nature and Evolution of an Idea, ed. Eugene Kamenka, 38-54. Canberra: Australian National University Press, 1973.
42. Mosse G.L. The Crisis of German Ideology: Intellectual Origins of the Third Reich (New York: Schocken Books, Inc., 1981. 373 р.
43. Mosse G.L. The Culture of Western Europe. The Nineteenth And Twentieth Centuries. John Murray, London. 1963. 438 p.
44. Mosse G.L. The Fascist Revolution: Toward a General Theory of Fascism, New York 1999, pp. 1-45.
45. Mosse G.L. The Poet and the Exercise of Political Power: Gabriele D’Annunzio.” Yearbook of Comparative and General Literature 22. 1973. Рр. 32-41.
46. Payne S. A History of Fascism 1914-1945, London, UCL Press, 1995. 613 р.
47. Plessini K. The Perils of Normalcy: George L. Mosse and the Remaking of Cultural History. Madison, University of Wisconsin Press, 2014. 284 p.
48. Rabinbach A. George L. Mosse 1919-1999: An Appreciation// Central European History, vol. 32, no. 3, 1999. Рр. 331-336.
49. Sabean D.W. George Mosse and The Holy Pretence/ What History Tells: George L. Mosse and the Culture of Modern Europe. Ed. by Stanley G. Payne, David J. Sorkin, John S. Tortorice University of Wisconsin Press; 2003. Р. 15-24.
50. Schwarz G. Theodor Wolff und das «Berliner Tageblatt». Eine liberale Stimme in der deutschen Politik 1906-1933, Mohr, Tuebingen, 1968. 311 р.
51. What History Tells: George L. Mosse and the Culture of Modern Europe. Ed. by Stanley G. Payne, David J. Sorkin, John S. Tortorice University of Wisconsin Press; 2003. 292 p.
Поступила в редакцию
2022-09-03
Опубликована 2022-12-24
Опубликована 2022-12-24